Linked Data A Personal Perspective Janifer Gatenby OCLC

Linked Data A Personal Perspective Janifer Gatenby OCLC EMEA With acknowledgements to Richard Wallis and Anila Angjeli The world’s libraries. Connected.

• What is it? • What does it promise? • How do we get there? • What happens when we get there? The world’s libraries. Connected.

What is it? • Not really a new way of linking but a new way of expressing a link It is about using canonical trusted globally referenceable identifiers for concepts, people, organisations, locations etc. instead of copying text strings and losing the connection with the authoritative sources they came from. Richard Wallis The world’s libraries. Connected.

MARC 21 links • 700 10 $a name $e role $0 authority control number • (added entry in a MARC record for a name related to a work, not the main author) These familiar links reference an authority record in the same database as a bibliographic record, hence have no address portion. Linked data extends the linking range. The world’s libraries. Connected.

Extending the linking range: URI • URI – immutable address as well as an identifier • http: //id. loc. gov/authorities/names/nr 89009099 • http: //viaf. org/viaf /116774723 • http: //isni-url. oclc. nl/isni/000000114556841 9 NACO libraries – LC, National Agricultural Library, National Library of Medicine, British Library, NL Mexico, NLNZ, NL Scotland, NL South Africa, NL Wales The world’s libraries. Connected.

Extending the linking range: RDF • RDF – metadata is expressed in triples • Data label (properties) • Vocabulary from which the label comes (gives context to the label) The world’s libraries. Connected.

Linked Data Principles 1. Use URIs as names for things 2. Use HTTP URIs so people can look up those names 3. When someone looks up a URI, provide useful information, using the standards - RDF 4. Include links to other URIs, so that they can discover more Tim Berners-Lee - 2006 The world’s libraries. Connected.

Vocabularies • Vocabularies are not schemas, they are lists of defined data labels (concepts) • Schema. org (Search engines) • Bib. Frame (Library community) • FOAF Friend of a friend • OWL same as • Vocabularies can be mixed The world’s libraries. Connected. foaf: name "Jimmy Wales" ; foaf: mbox <mailto: jwales@bomis. com> ; foaf: homepage <http: //www. jimmywales. com/> ; foaf: nick "Jimbo" ;

What does it promise? • Enriched displays without data maintenance • Better harvesting and ranking • because of markup • and because of links • Navigation to pages with additional information – – Example: from VIAF via ISNI to encyclopaedias, rights management societies (digitisation rights), Bowker – biographies from fly leaves The world’s libraries. Connected.

The world’s libraries. Connected.

The world’s libraries. Connected.

Interconnecting French cultural heritage treasures on the Web Digital documents (DC) Other Bn. F resources Web pages for Internet users Bn. F Archives and Manuscripts catalogue (EAD) Bn. F Main catalogue (MARC) External resources Raw data for machines Modeling Matching Clustering Alignments Semantic Web techniques 12

example ISNI 0000 0001 2283 1567 (soon) Bn. F persistent ID Links Imported from Wikipedia and integrated in the page

vocabularies used Existing ones + others defined for the specific needs of the project Data can be downloaded Information about the data model (or ontology) at : http: //data. bnf. fr/about-en

How do we get there? DNB Culture. Graph • “It’s all about creating connections” • DDC to RVK (German classification) by comparing search results • GND (names) to German Wikipedia The world’s libraries. Connected.

Example VIAF • Ingesting data to compare and create links • Makes clusters; cluster identifier • Ingesting preferred to external linking • Wikipedia, ISNI, World. Cat identities • More data used for clustering, so more reliable • VIAFBot for making reciprocal links in Wikipedia / Wikidata <rdf: type rdf: resource="http: //xmlns. com/foaf/0. 1/Person"/> <rdf: typedf: resource="http: //rdvocab. info/uri/schema/FRBRentities. RDA/Person"/> <foaf: name>De Groot, Gerard J. , 1955 -</foaf: name> <foaf: name>De. Groot, Gerard J. , 1955 -</foaf: name> <rda. Gr 2: date. Of. Birth>1955 -06 -22</rda. Gr 2: date. Of. Birth> <owl: same. As rdf: resource="http: //data. bnf. fr/ark: /12148/cb 12299846 b#foaf: Person"/> <owl: same. As rdf: resource="http: //www. idref. fr/034977651/id"/> <owl: same. As rdf: resource="http: //d-nb. info/gnd/12422900 X"/> The world’s libraries. Connected.

Text Rights Music Rights Trade Sources Encyclopaedias Libraries Researchers & Professional

7 million NEW LINKS to & from VIAF bnf dnb lc nta nukat wkp All VIAF Text Rights Sources 123, 964 assigned 37. 383 25. 177 72. 960 83. 498 32. 184 14. 935 406. 178 Research & Profess’l 404, 272 assigned 24. 141 14. 688 76. 986 30. 526 16. 730 3. 465 223. 305 Music Sources 189, 000 assigned 27. 542 33. 997 38. 218 13. 560 8. 675 19. 700 207. 231 Trade sources 2. 4 million assigned 570. 224 384. 230 2. 138. 955 741. 671 442. 037 138. 636 6. 100. 349 Totals 659. 290 458. 092 2. 327. 119 869. 255 499. 626 176. 736 6. 937. 063 ì Linked Data: isni-url. oclc. nl/isni/ The world’s libraries. Connected.

ISNI – an identifier • Identifiers Seal Uniqueness: “n” number of other elements are necessary for uniqueness • Stable identifier; stable metadata: • assigned where there is confidence in the quality and completeness of the metadata to establish uniqueness • ISNI system + Quality Team (BL & Bn. F) Linking erroneous data propagates errors. The world’s libraries. Connected.

Links are made once and inherited, e. g. by local catalogues • URI – immutable address as well as an identifier • http: //id. loc. gov/authorities/names/nr 89009099 • http: //viaf. org/viaf /116774723 • http: //isni-url. oclc. nl/isni/000000114556841 9 NACO libraries – Library of Congress, National Agricultural Library, National Library of Medicine, British Library, NL Mexico, NLNZ, NL Scotland, NL South Africa, NL Wales The world’s libraries. Connected.

What happens when we get there? • Search happens mostly in the search engines • Library catalogue concentrates on: • Being linked to (& linking out) • Delivery, particularly of the digitised and immediate The world’s libraries. Connected.

What happens when we get there? • How do search and linked data interact? • Is search really fully delegated to search engines & larger union catalogues? The world’s libraries. Connected.

Types of search Search type Happening in Known item Search engines, also in more specific sources where expected to reduce noise Subject search Search engines, also in more specific sources Index browse In catalogues Follow a link Everywhere. In library catalogues from a full record display. The more your catalogue is linked in, the more likely it is to attract all types of searches The world’s libraries. Connected.

Links plus data needed in catalogues It is about using canonical trusted globally • Data needed • For making indexes • For comparisons, e. g. For deduplication • Data mining referenceable identifiers for concepts, people, organisations, locations etc. instead of copying text strings and losing the connection with the authoritative sources they came from. This doesn’t mean that you only need the links; you often also need to ingest the data Besides data storage no longer the restraint it once was The world’s libraries. Connected.

Richard Wallis: Further Reading • http: //www. slideshare. net/tulipbiru 64/the-singlepower-of-link-richard-wallis • http: //www. slideshare. net/rjw/linked-data-and-oclc The world’s libraries. Connected.