Lingelbach Folklife in the Piazza del Popolo 1650

Lingelbach, Folklife in the Piazza del Popolo 1650

Lingenback Carnival in Piazza Colonna 1650

18 th century Enlightenment: science, reason, technology, Bird in the Air Pump 1768 Joseph Wright English

French Royal Government: Monarchy: hereditary succession through royal families dynasties: Valois to 16 th C. Bourbon until French Revolution Estates General: called in 1788, due to financial crisis meet in Versailles at royal palace Representative body: not called by King since 1614 1 st Estate the clergy 2 cd Estate the nobility 3 rd Estate the bourgeoisie (townsmen as representative of rest of agricultural population)

FRENCH REVOLUTION 1789 1789 ESTATES GENERAL (first meeting since 1614) meets in Versailles 1 st estate (clergy): 2% (100, 000); 2 cd estate (nobles): 8% (400, 000) 3 rd estate (bourgeosie): represent other 90% of population Number of delegates: clergy 291, nobility 270, 3 rd estate 578 conflict between privileged orders and population of 23 million:

POLITICAL CONSEQUENCES OF ENLIGHTENMENT: possible forms of "enlightened" government I. ENLIGHTENED DESPOTISM OR ABSOLUTISM builds on 17 th C. models of absolutist royal rule, such as Louis XIV in France (“ l’ètat, c’est moi – I am the state. ”) image of government by "enlightened, " educated monarch, who legislates for good of society models in eastern Europe: Prussia, Austro-Hungarian/Hapsburg Empire (Milan)

II. CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY model of English monarchy: King with consent of Parliament limited powers of monarch, combined with representative assembly make this a "reasonable" approach; first government of French Revolution = 1789 -92 Constitutional Monarchy: Constitution drafted by National Assembly (3 rd Estate plus supporters from 1 st & 2 cd) 1793 execution of Louis XIII as Citizen Capet III. REPUBLICANISM radical, non-monarchical alternative of American colonies in 1776 Revolution 1792 -95 First French Republic influenced by Rousseau, by American Republic of 1776 by classical model of ancient Roman Republic

David, Jacques-Louis (1748 -1825). French neo-classical painter associated with French Revolution, Napoleon

David The Oath of the Horatii 1784

David 1789 Lictors Returning to Brutus the Bodies of his Sons

David Oath of the Tennis Court 1791 (center = Talleyrand, Lafayette

July 14 PARISIAN REVOLT, STORMING OF BASTILLE -- armed revolt July 17 King capitulates, goes to Paris to submit to nation, wearing the TRICOLEUR: Flag = red & blue = city of Paris; white = royal flag Marquis de Lafayette: commander of Parisian city guard August 4 END OF FEUDALISM: "The feudal regime is abolished in its entirety. " August 10 DECLARATION OF RIGHTS OF MAN & CITIZEN: anti-feudal, social contract

Fall of the Bastille prison in Paris, 14 July 1789

Delacroix, Liberty Leading the People 1830

David The Intervention of the Sabine Women 1794 -99

1791 -92 CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY October: Legislative Assembly elected 1792: Fall of Constitutional Monarchy due to war, pressure of Parisian risings FIRST FRENCH REPUBLIC 1792 -1795 SECOND REVOLUTION (REPUBLICAN) 9 -10 August: rising of Parisian population 1793 JAN: EXECUTION OF LOUIS XVI (Citizen Louis Capet): 1794 -95 The Terror

French flag tricoleur red and blue = city of Paris white = royal flag

Marie Antoinette with a Rose, 1783 Marie Louise Vigee-Le. Brun

David Marie Antoinette on her way to the guillotine 1793

David Death of Marat 1793 Marat was Jacobin orator assassinated in his bath by young royalist Charlotte Corday

RISE OF NAPOLEON: 1795 Parisian rising suppressed by young General Bonaparte given command of army in Italy by new government of the Directory NAPOLEON’S INVASION OF ITALY 1796 -1814 1797 Napoleon's conquest of Venice, Rome, Pope as prisoner sets up Italian kingdoms as part of French Empire Northern Italy: Cisalpine Republic Naples: Parthenopean Republic suppresses the Roman Inquisition in areas conquered

David Napoleon Crossing the Alps at the St. Bernard Pass 1801

1799 CONSULATE: Napoleon is one of three consuls; end of revolutionary democracy 1802 Napoleon declares himself "consul for life" 1804 "the government of the Republic is entrusted to an Emperor" Major domestic achievements: CONCORDAT WITH ROME 1802: Catholicism recognized as "religion of the majority of Frenchmen, " but not established church; toleration retained NAPOLEONIC CODE: 1804 Civil Code; 1807 Code Napoleon model of Roman legal code of Justinian