Limb Anatomy Azami PHD Definitions Anatomy From Greek

Limb Anatomy Azami PHD

Definitions • Anatomy- From Greek “to cut open” – Study of the structure of the body, either regionally or systematically • Physiology – branch of biological science dealing with the function of organs and organ systems

History of Anatomy • Probably began with early examinations of sacrifice victims. • First documented by Egyptians ~1600 BC • Egyptian anatomical papyrus showed organs (including blood vessels)

Hippocrates (~370 BC) • Greek physician who studied anatomy • “Father of Anatomy” • Hippocratic oath taken by doctors at graduation

Galen • 2 nd Century AD • Compiled anatomical studies of earlier writers • Also performed vivisection on animals

Medicine during Medieval Times (5 th 15 th ) • When Rome fell, little was done to advance the studies. • Cadavers were no longer used • Avicenna ( )ﺍﺑﻦ ﺳیﻨﺎ یﺎ پﻮﺭﺳیﻨﺎ

16 th Century Contributions • Began to compile extensive drawings of dissections of executed cadavers

17 th and 18 th centuries • Few dissections were allowed • Only certain scientists were allowed to perform them • Doctors literally traveled from dissection to dissection

19 th Century • Began studying developmental anatomy • England became the center of anatomical research • Anatomy Act of 1832 provided adequate supply of corpses • Gray’s Anatomy first published 1858 (for traveling doctors)

Modern Anatomy • CAT scans, X-rays, Genetic tests, MRI

Anatomy definition • A branch of morphology which deals with the structure of organisms. • Study of the structures of the body and their relationship to one another. • This is generally divided into: – Gross anatomy (that which can be seen with the naked eye) – Histology (miscroscopic anatomy & internal structure of cells) – Embryology (the developing organism within the uterus)

Gross Anatomy • Systemic – gross anatomy of the body studied by organ system • Regional – all structures in one part of the body (such as the abdomen or leg) • Surface – study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin

Organ systems - 1 • • Integument (skin) Skeleton Muscles Nervous system – Central (brain and spinal cord) – Peripheral (the peripheral nerves) • Endocrine (glands)

Organ systems - 2 • • • Cardiovascular (heart, arteries and veins) Lymphatic (lymph vessels and nodes) Respiratory Digestive Urinary Reproductive (male/female)

Anatomical terminology • This generally relates to: – Names of the organ systems or regions – Names of body organs or their parts – Anatomical planes – Anatomical locations

Anatomical planes

Anatomical Planes • Saggital – divides the body into right and left parts • Coronal or frontal– divides the body into anterior and posterior parts • Horizontal or transverse (cross section) – divides the body into superior and inferior parts

Anatomical planes - 1 • Median or midsaggital plane • Passing from front to back in the long axis of the body IN the midline.

Anatomical planes - 2 • Saggital: Saggital – divides the body into right and left parts

Saggital plane

Anatomical planes - 3 • Coronal or frontal: divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

Coronal Plane

Anatomical planes - 4 • Horizontal or transverse (cross section) : divides the body into superior and inferior parts

Horizontal Plane

Body Planes 1 2 3

Anatomical positions - 1 • • 1. Cranial toward the head 2. Caudal - toward the feet 3. Medial - toward the middle 4. Lateral - toward/from the side 5. Proximal - toward the attachment of a limb 6. Distal - toward the finger/toes 7. Superior - above 8. Inferior - below

Anatomical positions - 2

Anatomical movements - 1 • • 1. External rotation 2. Internal rotation 3. Supination 4. Pronation 5. Eversion 6. Inversion 7. Adduction 8. Abduction

Anatomical movements - 2 Flexion/Extension

Other anatomical terms • • Volar(relating to the palm of hand) Plantar (the sole of the foot) Superficial (towards the surface) Deep (towards the centre)

Movements Flexion • Bending a joint or decreasing the angle between two bones Extension • Straightening a joint or increasing the angle between two bones Hyperextension • Excessive extension of the parts at a joint beyond anatomical position.

Movements

Movements Adduction • Moving a body part towards the midline of the body Abduction • Moving a body part away from the midline of the body

Movements Prone • Lying face down Pronation Supine • Lying face up Supination

Movements Retraction • Moving a part backward Protraction • Moving a part forward

Movements Rotation • Turning on a single axis Circumduction • Tri-planar, circular motion at the hip or shoulder Internal rotation • Rotation of the hip or shoulder toward the midline External rotation • Rotation of the hip or shoulder away from the midline

Movements Lateral Flexion • Side-bending left or right

Visualising Anatoomy • • • Cadaver Atlas Models Plastination 3 D Model

Visualising the living subject • There a number of ways of visualising the anatomy of a living subject: – – Surface anatomy Medical imaging Using scopes Surgery

Radiological terminology -1 • Imaging techniques: – X-ray – computed axial tomography (CAT) CT scan – Ultrasound scans (Sonography) – Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Radiological terminology - 2 • X-rays depend on the difference in absorption of xrays by various tissues. – Radiopaque means a lot of x-ray energy is absorbed (causing the fils to be WHITE) Like: bone, teeth, metal implants – Radiolucent means little energy is absorbed (causing the film to be BLACK) Like: air, fat

Radiological terminology - 3 • Plain film – X-ray without the use of artificial contrast. • Contrast film – X-ray where radiopaque contrast has been introduced into a cavity, space or vessel. • Examples: – – Angiogram (x-ray of arteries, e. g. of the heart) Venogram (x-ray of veins, e. g. of the legs) Barium meal (x-ray of the upper digestive tract) Myelogram (x-ray of the spinal cord and spinal nerves)

QUIZ

Range of Motion 1. 2. 3. Hip _Abduction_____________ Hip _Adduction_____________ Hip _Flexion_____________ Knee _Extension____________ Ankle ____________ 4. Wrist _Extension_____________ (a) _Hyperextension_____________ (b) _Flexion_____________ 5. Hip _Flexion_____________ Knee _Flexion____________ Ankle ___________________ 6. Forearm (a) _Supination__________ Forearm (b) _Pronation__________ 7. Shoulder _Circumduction___________ 8. Shoulder _Elevation___________ 9. Jaw _Protraction_____________ 10. Shoulder _Rotation___________

End