Lignin Phenol Formaldehyde Resole Resins Screening and Performance

Lignin Phenol Formaldehyde Resole Resins: Screening and Performance Marmar Ghorbani, Arunjunai Raj Mahendran, Erik van Herwijnen, Falk Liebner, Johannes Konnerth BOKU-University Institute of Wood Technology and Renewable Resources Vienna, Austria 1 Marmar Ghorbani - Institute of Wood Technology and Renewable Resources - BOKU-Vienna

Outline • Phenol Formaldehyde (PF) resin with lignin substituted • Screening of lignin and lignosulfonate sources • Performance of products • Paper-based laminates • Plywood • Conclusion 2 Marmar Ghorbani - Institute of Wood Technology and Renewable Resources - BOKU-Vienna

Phenol Formaldehyde Resin o PF resins are widely in demand because of their mechanical, thermal, and chemically resistant properties • Wood based composites: Plywood, Glued laminated timber, . . . • Thermal insulating board Mineral- & stone wool • Paper-based laminates o Synthesis reaction alkaline condition 3 Marmar Ghorbani - Institute of Wood Technology and Renewable Resources - BOKU-Vienna

Lignin • a phenolic polymer from plants (15 – 35%w) • a major by-product from pulp mills Hardwood – Softwood They differ in chemistry! H unit G unit S unit 4 Marmar Ghorbani - Institute of Wood Technology and Renewable Resources - BOKU-Vienna

Screening Lignin[1] Viscosity development 1250 Viscosity (m. Pa·s) 1000 750 PF 500 pine kraft L-PF 250 sarkanda grass soda L-PF 0 50 150 Time (min) 250 L 40%-PF Na. OH : phenol = 0. 3 HCHO : phenol = 2. 5 PH ≈ 12 80°C to 600 m. Pa. s 70°C to 1000 m. Pa. s [1] Ghorbani, M. , Liebner, F. , Herwijnen, H. , Pfungen, L. , Krahofer, M. , Budjav, E. , Konnerth, J. , Lignin Phenol Formaldehyde Resoles: The Impact of Lignin Type on Adhesive Properties. Bioresources, 2016. 11(3): p. 6727 -6741. 5 Marmar Ghorbani - Institute of Wood Technology and Renewable Resources - BOKU-Vienna

Bonding Strength Development • ABES test– Automated Bonding Evaluation System F 6 Marmar Ghorbani - Institute of Wood Technology and Renewable Resources - BOKU-Vienna

Tensile shear strength (N/mm²) Bonding Strength Development L 40%-PF 120°C 8 6 4 PF pine kraft L-PF sarkanda grass soda L-PF beech organosolv L-PF wheat straw soda L-PF 2 0 0 200 400 600 800 Hot pressing time (s) 7 Marmar Ghorbani - Institute of Wood Technology and Renewable Resources - BOKU-Vienna

Bonding Strength Development • ABES test– Automated Bonding Evaluation System L 40%PF 120°C Tensile shear Strength [N/mm²] 8 7 6 PF 5 LPF (NH₄⁺ Lignosulfonate 40%) LPF (Na⁺ Lignosulfonate 40%) 4 3 LPF (Ca²⁺ Lignosulfonate 40%) 2 LPF (Mg²⁺ Lignosulfonate 40%) 1 0 0 200 400 600 800 Hot pressing time (s) 8 Marmar Ghorbani - Institute of Wood Technology and Renewable Resources - BOKU-Vienna

Paper-based laminates The resins used: § LPF (Na⁺ Lignosulfonate 40%) § LPF (Pine kraft 40%) Classification according to EN 438 -2 & 4 High-pressure decorative laminates 9 Marmar Ghorbani - Institute of Wood Technology and Renewable Resources - BOKU-Vienna

Paper-based laminates Universitäts- und Forschungszentrum Tulln - UFT 10 Marmar Ghorbani - Institute of Wood Technology and Renewable Resources - BOKU-Vienna

Paper-based laminates Resistance against boiling water (according to EN 438 -2) 10 Thickness increase [%] Bending strength (Blue box: Treatment according to EN 438 -2 (20 -day climate cycle) standard requirement 2 Na+ Kraft lignin lignosulfonate Marmar Ghorbani - Institute of Wood Technology and Renewable Resources - BOKU-Vienna Kraft lignin Na+ lignosulfonate 11

Plywood The resins used: § PF § LPF (Pine kraft 40%) § LPF (Methylolated pine kraft 40%) Classification according to EN 314 -2 Class 3 (outdoor use) Tensile shear strength test: F F 12 Marmar Ghorbani - Institute of Wood Technology and Renewable Resources - BOKU-Vienna

Plywood Tensile shear strength standard climate standard requirement 72 h boiling water standard requirement 13 Marmar Ghorbani - Institute of Wood Technology and Renewable Resources - BOKU-Vienna

Conclusion • Lignin accelerated viscosity development in synthesis of LPF resins • Pine kraft lignin and Na+ lignosulfonate showed highest rate in bond strength development • Pine kraft lignin was superior for utilization in paper impregnation • L(40%)PF resin fulfilled the requirement of the standard for plywood for outdoor use 14 Marmar Ghorbani - Institute of Wood Technology and Renewable Resources - BOKU-Vienna

Acknowledgement • The funding partners for supporting FLIPPR Project “Future Lignin and Pulp Processing Research Project Gmb. H” And • • Funder. Max Gmb. H Metadynea Gmb. H 15 Marmar Ghorbani - Institute of Wood Technology and Renewable Resources - BOKU-Vienna

Thanks for your attention 16 Marmar Ghorbani - Institute of Wood Technology and Renewable Resources - BOKU-Vienna