LIGHTNING PROTECTION OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC APPLIANCES BY

LIGHTNING PROTECTION OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC APPLIANCES BY PROF. DR. JOYANTA KUMAR ROY Ph. D (Tech), Sr. MIEEE, FIETE, FIWWA DEAN (ACADEMIC AFFAIRS) & HEAD DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS AND INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING NARULA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Email : jkroy. cal 51@gmail. com

Topics of Discussion 1. 2. 3. 4. Lightning basics Some examples of lightning and it’s effect IEC 62305 Basic standard External lightning protection- different methods 5. Internal Lightning protection 6. Summary 9/9/2020 Prof. J. K. Roy 2

LIGHTNING VIDEO

Managing Plant Safety – Plant Safety Management evolved out of hard lessons learnt from several accidents which have resulted in: • Fatalities and /or injury to personnel in the plant and / or surrounding communities • Impact to Environment • Loss of plant equipment and assets • Losses due to Business Interruption, downtime, Non-availability of process and Risk of Business Continuity To understand more, let us take a closer look at the basics of lightning, relevant International Standard & Practices on lightning damages & hazards and protection 9/9/2020 Prof. J. K. Roy 4

Lightning Facts • Strikes the Earth @ 100 times every second. • Each flash can be upward of 1 billion volts. • Heat can reach temps up to 5 x sun’s surface – 50, 000 Degrees Celsius. • Strikes over 1000 people / year. • Kills nearly 100 people / year in SAARC Countries. • Property damage in the Billions. 9/9/2020 Prof. J. K. Roy 5

Lightning History • Benjamin Franklin’s experiments in 1752 proved that lightning is electric in nature. • Other scientists in France, Germany and Russia started performing similar Test around the same time frame. • Benjamin’s Lightning rods offered structural protection common still today and only approved Technology by all International and National standards, IEC 62305, EN 62305, NFPA 780, IS 2309 and National Electrical Code • Lightning science progressed little until the 1900’s. • The race to space and invention of computers/electronics has pushed the advancement of lightning study. • Since the late 1960’s new technology has continued to emerge and improve. 9/9/2020 Prof. J. K. Roy 6

Introduction to Lightning 9/9/2020 Prof. J. K. Roy 7

Introduction to Lightning • Types of Lightning Inter Cloud – Between Cloud 9/9/2020 Intra Cloud – Within Cloud to Ground Prof. J. K. Roy Ground to Cloud 8

Introduction to Lightning Possible components of downward pulses Discharge mechanism of a positive downward flash (cloud –to-earth flash) 9/9/2020 Prof. J. K. Roy 9

Introduction to Lightning Possible components of downward pulses Discharge mechanism of a positive downward flash (cloud –to-earth flash) 9/9/2020 Prof. J. K. Roy 10

INTRODUCTION TO LIGHTNING • Lightning Strikes to Communication Tower 9/9/2020 Prof. J. K. Roy 11

INTRODUCTION TO LIGHTNING Lightning Strikes to Burj Khalifa, Dubai ( 829. 84 m (2, 723 ft tallest building of the world) 9/9/2020 Prof. J. K. Roy 12

Practical Examples of Damage caused by Lightning and Overvoltage

7 tanks hit by a lightning strike Oil refinery Pertamina, Cilacap Java, Indonessia, 1995 9/9/2020 Prof. J. K. Roy 14

Floating Roof Tanks - Tank fire caused by a lightning strike into the Trzebinia refinery, Poland • 06/05/2002 • Capacity of 10 000 m³ • 800 tonnes of oil • Damage of 4 million EUR 9/9/2020 Prof. J. K. Roy 15

Floating Roof Tanks - Tank fire caused by a lightning strike into the Trzebinia refinery, Poland 9/9/2020 Prof. J. K. Roy 16

INTRODUCTION TO LIGHTNING Some of Lightning damages a) Houses are burning after lighting strike b) Electrionic appliances damaged due to lightning strike 9/9/2020 c) Damage of electrical cable due to lighting strike d) Electrical appliances damaged due to lightning strike Prof. J. K. Roy 17

Lightning killed 504 sheep when a stroke hit the ground in this rocky pasture in Utah. A stroke to high-resistance soil can produce exceptionally high voltage in the ground and spread over an unusually large area. 9/9/2020 Prof. J. K. Roy 18

TRAGEDY STRIKES: Five wild elephants were killed after being struck by lightning in the Buxa Tiger Reserve Forest (East) on 5 th May 2007 night. The herd was following its usual route outside the Nulands Tea Estate in Jalpaiguri district and heading towards Raidak II River to cross over to Assam. Forest officials confirmed the cause of death as lightning only. 9/9/2020 Prof. J. K. Roy 19

Voltage Gradient and it's effect 100 KA Earth Resistance 5 Ω 9/9/2020 Prof. J. K. Roy 20

Basics Standard for Lightning IEC 62305 -1 General Principle IEC 62305 -2 Lightning Risk Management LP LPS ESP IEC 62305 -3 IEC 62305 -4 Physical damage to structure and life hazards Prof. J. K. Roy 9/9/2020 Protection for Electronics & Electrical equipments within structures 21

PROTECTION AGAINST LIGHTNING • Complete Lightning Protection will have. . 1. Direct Lightning Protection : External Lightning Protection 2. Indirect Lightning Protection: Internal Lightning Protection • 3. Grounding & Equipotential Bonding 9/9/2020 Prof. J. K. Roy 22

EXTERNAL LIGHTNING PROTECTION There are three technologies available for ELP 1. As per IEC Standard / Air Termination Rod – Standard applicable- IEC 62305, EN 62305, NFPA 780 (USA), UL 96(Installation standard), IS 2309, National Electrical Code, LPI 175 (Australian Installation guide lines), OISD GDN 180 2. Dissipation System Standard applicable – No National / International standards 3. Early Streamer Emission System Standard applicable – NFC 17102 (French) & UNE 21186 (Spain). 9/9/2020 Prof. J. K. Roy 23

INTERNAL LIGHTNING PROTECTION • Internal Protection is achieved by SPDs ( made from Metal oxide varistor blocks) 1. Power Line Protection – • Standard applicable- IEC 62305, EN 62305, • IEC 61643, EN 61643, UL 1449, • National Electrical Code of India DEHNbloc® M DEHNguard® S 2. Data Line Protection - IEC 62305, EN 62305, • IEC 61643, EN 61643, UL 1449, National Electrical Code • Of India 9/9/2020 Prof. J. K. Roy 24

METAL OXIDE VARISTOR (MOV) • diode-like" nonlinear current–voltage characteristic • also known as Voltage Dependent Resistor or VDR • when triggered, they will shunt the current created by the high voltage away from the sensitive components 9/9/2020 Prof. J. K. Roy 25

INTERNAL LIGHTNING PROTECTION IN TRANSMITTER DPI MD EX 24 M 2, Installation into a metal pipe SPD Prof. J. K. Roy 9/9/2020 26

Lightning protection equipotential bonding for incoming services LPZ 0 External Lightning Protection MEB Bonding Lightning. Equipotential LPZ 1 PA Water C Gas Heating Tank Pipe Cathodically Protected Foundation Earth Electrode Prof. J. K. Roy 9/9/2020 27 14. 01. 03 / S 532_b

SAMPLE LAYOUT OF EXTERNAL PROTECTION air-termination rod conn. antenna mast air-termination system air-termination tip conn. roof window conn. gutter board down conductor connection down pipe testing joint earth termination system 9/9/2020 Prof. J. K. Roy 28

Causes of Overvoltage in case of Lightning discharge in power supply system Direct / close lightning strike: 380 k. V 1 Lightning strike into the external LPS, process framework etc. 1 a Voltage drop at the 110 k. V impulse earthing resistance Rst Voltages induced 1 1 b in loops 230 V 20 k. V 110 k. V Rst 20 k. V 1 a Power supply system Prof. J. K. Roy 9/9/2020 1 b IT system 29

2 b 2 a 0 9/9/202 Causes of Overvoltage in case of Lightning discharge in power supply system 380 k. V 110 k. V 230 V 2 b Overvoltage transient waves along the overhead line due to cloud-to-cloud flashes 2 c Fields of the lightning channel 20 k. V 110 k. V 2 c 20 k. V Power suply system Prof. J. K. Roy IT system

Influences on Electrical Installation causes of Surges Direct lightning strike (LEMP) • Galvanic coupling • Inductive / Capacitive coupling Indirect lightning strike • Conducted partial lightning currents • Inductive / Capacitive coupling M Prof. J. K. Roy 9/9/2020 Surges (SEMP) • Switching operations • Earth faults / Short circuits • Tripping fuses • Parallel installation of power and IT conductor systems 31

Direct lightning strike: 1 Striking of external lightning protection system, process structure (in industrial plants), cables etc. 1 a Voltage drop at the implse earthing resistance Rst 1 Induced voltage 1 b in loops 2 b Causes of Surges due to Lightning discharge 2 a L 1 L 2 L 3 PEN 2 c 20 k. V Distant lightning Strike: 2 a Strike into medium- voltage overhead lines 2 c Fields of the lightning strike 1 b IT network Rst 1 a power supply

Galvanic coupling Lightning voltage in a building 100 k. A 20 k. V 230 V 100 k. V 1 Prof. J. K. Roy 9/9/2020 33

Strike into building 1 Surge damage in building 1 and 2 i 1 Prof. J. K. Roy 9/9/2020 U 1 some 100 k. V i 2 U U 2 2 some 10 k. V 0 Volt 34

Inductive Coupling data socket sutlet power socket outlet induction loop IT network power supply Lit. : . . . Prof. J. K. Roy 9/9/2020 35

Inductive Coupling (Indirect Lightning Interferences, Switching Operations) induction loop no shield, large coupling surface Prof. J. K. Roy 9/9/2020 induction loops single-ended shield earthing, large coupling surface double-ended shield earthing, reduced coupling surface 36

RADAX spark gap technology 9/9/2020 Prof. J. K. Roy 38

RADAX-flow The Epoch-Making Spark Gap Technology Electrode 1 Gas Evolving Insulating Material Electrode 2 Prof. J. K. Roy 9/9/2020 39

RADAX-flow The Epoch-Making Spark Gap Technology • RADAX-flow Technology – RADial and AXial Blowing of the Arc – in this Manner Optimized Cooling • Self Interruption of Prospective Short- Circuiting Currents up to 50 k. Arms – Back-up Fuses for Arrester not Necessary • Extreme Limiting of Mains Follow Currents – High Availability of the Power Supply System Prof. J. K. Roy 9/9/2020 40

RADAX-flow The Epoch-Making Spark Gap Technology Electrode 1 Gas-Evolving Insulating Material Gas Flow - radial - axial Electrode 2 Prof. J. K. Roy 9/9/2020 Arc 41

WHAT IS A LIGHTNING CURRENT ARRESTER INSTALLED INTO A POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM SUPPOSED TO PERFORM ? • Discharging of lightning currents several times without desctruction of the equipment. = Discharge capacity 100 k. A (10/350 µs) • Providing of a lower voltage protection level than the voltage strength of the downstream installation. = Voltage protection level 1, 500 V • Extinguishing or limiting of mains follow currents. = automatic extinction of short-circuit currents = selectivity to protection of the installation • Ensuring of the energy coordination to downstream surge protective devices and/or terminal equipment. 9/9/2020 Prof. J. K. Roy 42

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