Lighting and SolidState Lighting Science Technology Economic Perspectives

(Lighting and) Solid-State Lighting: Science, Technology, Economic Perspectives Jeff Tsao Physical, Chemical & Nano Sciences Center Sandia National Laboratories Acknowledgements Mike Coltrin Mary Crawford Yoshi Ohno Jerry Simmons Paul Waide Jon Wierer Work at Sandia National Laboratories was supported by Sandia’s Solid. State-Lighting Science Energy Frontier Research Center, funded by the U. S. Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences. Sandia is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin Company, for the U. S. Department of Energy’s National Security Administration under Contract DE-AC 04 -94 AL 85000. JY Tsao ∙ SAND 2010 -1090 C Earth at Night (courtesy of NASA) Night arrives between Europe and Africa; digital composite of archived images taken by several Earthorbiting satellites and ocean-faring ships; courtesy of NASA; http: //apod. nasa. gov/apod/ap 030324. html ∙ Photonics West 2010 Jan 26 ∙ 1/8

Artificial Lighting and Human Productivity Efficiency Consumption Co. L ($/Mlmh) ≃ Co. E/η 0. 72% = US$440 B / US$60 T 6. 5% = 1 TW c / 16 TWc 103 CN 2005 CN 2006 US 2001 JP+KR 2005 OECD-EU 2005 CN 1993 FSU 2000 101 UK 2000 AU+NZ 2005 103 1 104 105 101 UK 1800 UK 1750 WRLD-NONGRID 1999 3 Gas Kerosene Candles UK 1700 102 4. 102. 8 UK 1900 UK 1850 10 -2 HID Fluorescent Incandescent UK 1950 1 10 -1 10 100% Efficiency SSL? 102 Luminous efficacy η (lm/We) WRLD-GRID 2005 Tsao and Waide, “The World’s Appetite for Light: Empirical Data and Trends Spanning Three Centuries and Six Continents, ” to be submitted to LEUKOS 1 102 103 104 per capita consumption of light φ [Mlmh/(per-yr)] 101. 5 105. 4 104 OECD-EU 2005 FSU 2000 WRLD-DEV 2005 101 UK 1950 UK 1900 WRLD-UNDEV 1999 10 -2 UK 1800 UK 1700 10 -5 SAND 2010 -1090 C UK 1750 Tsao and Waide, “The World’s Appetite for Light: Empirical Data and Trends Spanning Three Centuries and Six Continents, ” to be submitted to LEUKOS 10 -2 0. 0072 ∙ UK 1850 10 1 β·gdp/Co. L [Mlmh/(per-yr)] Co. E ($/MWeh) JY Tsao US 2001 UK 2000 CN 2006 CN 2005 CN 1993 10 -5 105 JP+KR 2005 AU+NZ 2005 ∙ $/Mlmh $/(per-yr) Photonics West 2010 Jan 26 ∙ 2/8 10 4

Relative Power 400 100 nm CCT = 3, 800 K R 9 = Ra/4 90 90 459 nm 535 nm 573 nm 614 nm 80 80 70 60 1. 0 300 0. 37 0. 24 0. 23 350 400 70 450 60 Luminous Efficacy (lm/W) 0. 18 0. 5 All linewidths 1 -nm FWHM 0 Relative Reflectances Munsell Samples 1 -8 CRI 85 Color Rendering Index (Ra) 0 400 lm/W Color Rendering Index (Ra) Human Eye Response (lm/W) Characteristics of “ 100%-Efficient” Lighting 800 0. 8 200 nm 7 8 0. 4 8 6 5 4 3 2 1 7 J. M. Phillips, et al, “Challenges to Ultra-Efficient SSL”, Laser & Photonics Reviews (2007). Calculations based on white LED simulator 5 -3 (Y. Ohno, NIST). 0 400 500 600 700 Wavelength (nm) JY Tsao ∙ SAND 2010 -1090 C ∙ Photonics West 2010 Jan 26 ∙ 3/8

Human eye response (lm/W) Efficiencies of Actual Lighting Technologies 600 Human eye response (photopic) 400 200 0 All spectra normalized to 1 W wallplug power 100%-Efficient SSL CCT 3, 800 K 400 lm/W 21%-Efficient Fluorescent CCT 3, 500 K 85 lm/W Courtesy of Lauren Rohwer 3. 5%-Efficient Incandescent CCT 3, 000 K 14 lm/W 14%-Efficient 58 lm/W SSL Commercial Late-2009 Warm-White CCT 3, 100 K Driven at 0. 7 A JY Tsao ∙ SAND 2010 -1090 C ∙ Photonics West 2010 Jan 26 ∙ 4/8

Anatomy of State-of-Art Commercial SSL http: //bobbymercerbooks. com ε = 14% η = 58 lm/W CRI = 85 CCT = 3, 100 K Blue LED Joule IQE at low power Droop at high power Light extraction 33% 85% 70% 80% Spectral 78% Phosphor/Package Internal quantum effic Stokes deficit Scattering/absorption 54% 90% 76% 80% 0. 7 A Thin-Film Flip Chip (TFFC) schematic courtesy of Jon Wierer 1 mm JY Tsao ∙ SAND 2010 -1090 C ∙ Photonics West 2010 Jan 26 ∙ 5/8

Technology Grand Challenges for Luminous Efficacy 1 Eliminate blue LED droop 2 Narrow-linewidth shallow-red color conversion Target: 200 A/cm 2 0. 2 456 0. 1 0 k (ns-1) 1 Augerlike 0. 1 0. 01 Schockley-Read-Hall Spontaneous Emission 0. 001 0. 1 1. 0 10 100 1, 000 10, 000 J (A/cm 2) Shockley-Read-Hall Spontaneous Emission Auger-like Spectral power distribution (W/nm) Luminous Efficacy (lm/W) εIQE 0. 3 3 Fill in the red-yellowgreen gap 456 535 614 Human eye response State-of-art LED 1 W LEDs 350 m. A Wavelength (nm) Courtesy of M. Krames, Philips-Lumileds Rate constants for 510 nm LED, after UT Schwarz, “Emission of biased green quantum wells in time and wavelength domain, ” SPIE Proc 7216, 7216 U-1 (2009). JY Tsao ∙ SAND 2010 -1090 C 573 614 ∙ Photonics West 2010 Jan 26 ∙ 6/8

What about Cost of Light? Co. Lcap is already ~Co. Lope/6, so η is the key 2012 may be the beginning of “the transition” 10 2007. 2 Incandescent 0. 35 A Fluorescent 1 HID 2008. 5 2009. 7 B LED↑ Phosphors↑ 0. 1 Perfect RGB 0. 1 0. 7 A 1. 5 A Adapted from Navigant, “U. S. Lighting Market Characterization, ” U. S. DOE (2002); and from JY Tsao, ME Coltrin, MH Crawford, JA Simmons, “SSL: An Integrated Human Factors, Technology and Economic Perspective, ” Proc IEEE (to be published). 0. 01 1: 6 Ratio 1 10 SSL 10 Incandescent Fluorescent HID 1 0. 1 Adapted from JY Tsao, ME Coltrin, MH Crawford, JA Simmons, “SSL: An Integrated Human Factors, Technology and Economic Perspective, ” Proc IEEE (to be published). 2000 100 2005 ∙ SAND 2010 -1090 C “Perfect” SSL 2010 2015 Year Co. Lope = Co. E/η ($/Mlmh) JY Tsao 2011. 8 2005. 8 2008. 3 Co. L = Co. Lcap + Co. Lope ($/Mlmh) Co. Lcap = $Win/[η∙τ] ($/Mlmh) 2004. 8 2011. 8 100 ∙ Photonics West 2010 Jan 26 ∙ 7/8 2020

Earth at Night (courtesy of NASA) JY Tsao ∙ SAND 2010 -1090 C ∙ Photonics West 2010 Jan 26 ∙ 8/8