Lifespan Development Perspectives Behavioural Cognitive Humanistic Contextual Evolutionary

Lifespan Development Perspectives • • • Behavioural Cognitive Humanistic Contextual Evolutionary Psychodynamic 1

Psychodynamic Approach • Structure of the mind − ego, superego, id − Freud (1923) • Freud (1949) genital stage • Erikson’s stages (1951) in adolescence and adulthood • John Bowlby (1969, 1973, 1980) − Attachment (cited in Beckett and Taylor, 2010, pp. 19 -59) • Adults, Adolescents and Attachment (Beckett and Taylor, 2010, pp. 106 -107) • Maccoby and Martin (1983) − consequences of parenting styles (cited in Beckett and Taylor, 2010, p. 107 -108; Bee and Boyd, 2013, pp. 325326) • Criticism 2

Cognitive Perspective • Jean Piaget − the stage of formal operations • Criticism of Piaget’s theory (Beckett and Taylor, 2010, pp. 60 -74) • The Adolescent Brain (Spear, 2000, cited in Passer and Smith, 2009, p. 435) • The Adult Brain (Passer and Smith, 2009, p. 436) • Biological and cognitive changes in the old age (Beckett and Taylor, 2010, p. 180; Gross, 2010, p. 612 ) 3

Contextual Perspective • Bronfenbrenner (1994) − model of ecological environment: Microsystems Mesosystem Exosystems Macrosystems Chronosystems (International Encyclopedia of Education, pp. 1643 -1647) Interaction with the world Transition and change of roles Role expectations Stereotyping/Labelling Levinson (1978); Erikson (1951) − transitions/adolescence role confusion (Beckett and Taylor, 2010, p. 96 -97, pp. 161 -176) • Criticism • • • 4

References Beckett, C. and Taylor, T. (2010) Human Growth and Development, London: Sage Bowlby, J. (1997) Attachment (first published in 1969). London: Pimlico. Bowlby, J. (1998) Separation (first published in 1969). London: Pimlico. Bowlby, J. (1999) Loss (first published in 1969). London: Pimlico. Bronfenbrenner, U. (1994). Ecological models of human development. In International Encyclopedia of Education, Vol. 3, 2 nd. Ed. Oxford: Elsevier. Reprinted in: Gauvain, M. & Cole, M. (Eds. ), Readings on the development of children, 2 nd Ed. (1993, pp. 37 -43). NY: Freeman. Erikson, E. (1995 [1951]) Childhood and Society. London: Vintage. Freud, S. (1961[1923]) The Ego and the Id, standard edn, Vol. 19. London: Hogarth Press. Freud, S. (2003 [1949]) An Outline of Psychoanalysis. London: Penguin. Levinson, D. (1978) The Seasons of a Man's Life, New York: Ballantine. Maccoby, E. E. and Martin J. A. (1983) Socialization in the context of the family: parent–child interaction. In: Mussen P. and Hetherington E. M. (eds), Handbook of Child Psychology, Vol. IV: Socialization, Personality, and Social Development, 4 th edn. New York: Wiley, pp. 1– 101. Spear, L. (2000) ‘The adolescent brain and age-related behavioral manifestations’, Neuroscience and Behavioral reviews 24 (4) : 417 -63. 5