Life Span Development Prenatal Development Genetics in Brief

Life Span Development

Prenatal Development

Genetics in Brief

Very Beginning • At conception, you were a cell no bigger than a period. In this cell contained your blueprint…. Your genetic make-up

The Genetic Makeup of One Cell

Chromosomes • Are the blueprint to you • Threadlike structures made up of DNA – chemical basis of heredity • 46 in each cell • 23 received from each parent

Chromosomes

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) • A complex molecule • Contains the genetic information of each chromosome • Each gene has information like eye color, hair color, height, handedness

Dominant and Recessive • Genotype—underlying genetic makeup • Phenotype—traits that are expressed • Dominant genes—will always be expressed if present • Recessive genes—will not be expressed unless they are in a pair

Sex Linked Traits • Traits linked to the X or Y (sex) chromosomes • Usually recessive and carried on the X chromosome • Appear more frequently in one sex than another • Color blindness, baldness, hemophilia, Fragile X

Physical and Psychological Development Related • Physical development begins at conception • Physical maturity sets limits on psychological ability – visual system not fully functional at birth – language system not functional until much later • Prenatal environment can have lifetime influence on health and intellectual ability

• http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=65 BV 5 d XXxz. M • Video

Conception to Birth Prenatal Development

What are three times in a woman’s life when she can’t get pregnant? • Before puberty • After menopause • And when she is pregnant – (if she gets pregnant with another –SHE IS STILL PREGNANT) • ANY OTHER TIME – A WOMAN IS FERTILE

Prenatal Development • Prenatal defined as “before birth” • Prenatal stage begins at conception and ends with the birth of the child.

Prenatal Development • Conception—when a sperm penetrates the ovum • Zygote—a fertilized egg • Germinal period—first two weeks after conception • Embryonic period—weeks three through eight after conception • Fetal period—two months after conception until birth

Prenatal Influences on Development • • • Nutrition Anxiety Mother’s general health Maternal age Teratogens—any agent that causes a birth defect (e. g. , drugs, radiation, viruses)

• Ovulate

• 350 Million Sperm

• Uterus

• A newly fertilized egg • The first two weeks are a period of rapid cell division. • the cells start specialize in function Zygote

Zygote cont. • After 10 days zygote attaches to the mother’s uterine wall – TRANSITIONS TO THE EMBRYO STAGE • It stays there for approximately the next 37 weeks

5 Days old

Prenatal Development

Discussion 1. What exactly is conception? 2. What is a zygote? 3. How long does the zygote stage last?

Embryo • 14 days until the end of the eight week • Most of the major organs are formed during this time. • Heartbeat, Red Blood Cells Embryo – 45 Days

4 Weeks

Prenatal Development – 2 months

STOP WRITING • Please stand up • Jump 5 times • Pick your own partner – a different person this time please • Let’s discuss

Discussion 1. What is conception? 2. What is a zygote? 3. After the Zygote stage, what is the next stage? 4. What are the main characteristics of the embryonic stage

• Make it’s first movements

Fetal Period • The period between the beginning of the ninth week until birth

From conception to the first year • Fetal stage— the week on • Unmistakably human in form • further development of organs and systems: marked increase in nervous system development and brain weight th 9

9 Weeks

18 Weeks

24 Weeks

30 Weeks

35 Weeks

Time to Process!!!!!

Discussion 1. What is a zygote? 2. What are the characteristics of embryos? 3. What are fetuses?

• Umbilical Cord

• Video • http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=k. KMLf. Q _EH 7 c&feature=related

• Problems that can occur –Harmful influences that can cross the placenta barrier –Called teratogens-include German measles, radiation, toxic chemicals, sexually transmitted diseases, cigarette smoking, heavy alcohol consumption, prescription and nonprescription drugs.

Teratogens • Substances that pass through the placenta’s screen and prevent the fetus from developing normally • Includes: radiation, toxic chemicals, viruses, drugs, alcohol, nicotine, etc.

• STOP Drinking and taking drugs, even over-the-counter medication

These children were born addicted to cocaine This child was left by her cocaine addicted mother

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) • A series of physical and cognitive abnormalities in children due to their mother drinking large amounts of alcohol during pregnancy

Smoking and Birth Weight

Are humans completely helpless at Birth?

From conception to the first year • Newborns are able to see, but are nearsighted • 20/500 legally blind. • -prefer faces over other stimuli in the environment.

The Beginnings of Life: The Newborn

Infant Reflexes • Rooting—turning the head and opening the mouth in the direction of a touch on the cheek • Sucking—sucking rhythmically in response to oral stimulation • Babinski—fanning and curling toes when foot is stroked

Infant Reflexes • Moro—throwing the arms out, arching the back and bringing the arms together as if to hold onto something (in response to loud noise or sudden change in position of the head) • Grasping—curling the fingers around an object

Temperament • A person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

Temperament • A baby’s temperament is apparent after just a few hours of birth –“easy” babies – eat and sleep regularly –“difficult” – unpredictable, intense, & irritable

• Newborns are able to see, but are nearsighted. • -prefer faces over other stimuli in the environment. • Prefer the sounds of their parent’s voices over others

Physical Development in Infancy and Childhood

Infant, Toddler, Child • Infant: First year • Toddler: From about 1 year to 3 years of age • Child: Span between toddler and teen

Neural Development

Maturation • Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior

Motor Development • Includes all physical skills and muscular coordination • When did you first roll over, sit up, walk, ride a bike? ? ?

Motor Development

Social Development in Infancy and Childhood

Stranger Anxiety • The fear of strangers an infant displays around 8 months of age • Lasts until approx. 2 1/2

Attachment • An emotional tie with another person resulting in seeking closeness • Children develop strong attachments to their parents and caregivers. • Body contact, familiarity, and responsiveness all contribute to attachment.

Factors affecting attachment: -Neglect, abuse, and deprivation adversely affect attachment, however, differences in normal childrearing practices have no affect

• Daycare does not affect attachment • Temperament, chronic stress, and rejection can affect attachment • Cultural expectations can also play a role

Familiarity • Sense of contentment with that which is already known • Infants are familiar with their parents and caregivers.

Responsiveness • Responsive parents are aware of what their children are doing. • Unresponsive parents ignore their children--helping only when they want to.

Securely or Insecurely Attached • Securely attached – children will explore their environment when primary caregiver is present • Insecurely attached – children will appear distressed and cry when caregiver leaves. Will cling to them when they return

Harry Harlow • Did research with infant monkeys on how body contact relates to attachment • The monkeys had to chose between a cloth mother or a wire mother that provided food.

• The monkeys spent most of their time by the cloth mother.

Effects of Attachment • Secure attachment predicts social competence. • Deprivation of attachment is linked to negative outcome. • A responsive environment helps most infants recover from attachment disruption.