Life Science Botany Hydroponics Photosynthesis Plant Anatomy Plant

Life Science - Botany Hydroponics & Photosynthesis, Plant Anatomy, & Plant Nutrition

All we know science begins with a question…. In 1634, Jan Baptist van Helmont had a question: Where do plants get their mass when they grow?

Three Hypotheses: A. Plants get their mass from water. B. Plants get their mass from soil. C. Plants get their mass from air. Choose the ONE you think is the accurate answer.

Scientists then design an experiment for testing the hypothesis. Jan Helmont wanted to test the idea that plants gained mass from consuming soil in some way. Think of a way you could test this idea and be prepared to share it with the class.

Helmont’s Experiment 1. Measure the mass of soil placed in a pot 2. Measure the mass of a young willow plant.

3. Plant was watered and placed in sunlight. 4. 5 years later, the mass of the soil and the mass of the willow was determined.

Important Data - Helmont Experiment Mass at Start Mass After 5 Years Soil 90 kg 89. 9 kg Plant 2. 25 kg 76. 1 kg Based on the data, was his hypothesis that plants consumed soil accurate? Where did the mass of the plant come from?

Which hypothesis did Helmont eliminate? A. Plants get their mass from water. B. Plants get their mass from soil. C. Plants get their mass from air. If “B” was your hypothesis, choose either A or C as a new hypothesis. With the person sitting next to you, develop an experiment to test your new hypothesis (either A or C). Create a sketch of your design and be prepared to share it with the class. ~ 5 -10 minutes.

Though we don’t have time to look at all of the historical experiments, scientists finally realized that air and water were necessary for plants to grow in mass. The Law of Conservation of Matter - matter cannot be created or destroyed it just changes forms.

The Law of Conservation of Energy. . . -cannot be created or destroyed, it can change form. -can be transferred from one form to another. SOLAR energy→ CHEMICAL energy

Pause and Reflect 1. What do plants need to grow in mass? a) light 2. b) water c) air d) soil How did Helmont show that soil did not contribute to the mass of the plant? a) weighed the soil b) watched the plant grow c) measured water 3. Energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy such as that stored in: a) soil b) apples c) air 4. Why was the law of conservation of matter important to Helmont’s experiment?

Lab: Where do Plants Get Their Food?

Life Science - Botany Hydroponics

If plants do not consume soil, could they grow without soil? ● ● ● Do plants grow quicker with or without soil? Which method yields healthier plants? Do plants grow bigger with or without soil? ● Growing plants without soils is called: ______________

Hydroponics, What‘s That? Mini. Research �What is Hydroponics? �How does a hydroponic unit/system work? �What are some advantages ? �What are some disadvantages? �What materials are needed? �Any tips & hints?

Plant Nutrients, p. H & Deficiencies

Soil – Get the Inside Scoop!! � Everything that we eat has nutrients. They are needed for strong teeth and bones, strong heart and blood vessels, and help your brain and nerves work. � These nutrients come from the food we eat. We get these from the plants that grow, and the animals that we eat that eat the plants. � Most soils have a large supply of nutrients in them, and they get taken up by plants when plants absorb water. Soils need to be healthy to grow large quantities of plants, and animals need plants to grow strong.

Who do nutrients get into the soil? � Nutrients get into the soil many different ways: from 1. decomposed animal waste and dead plants 2. the atmosphere 3. weathering of rocks 4. bacteria conversions. � When soils are used to grow foods, the soils need to be kept healthy, as a lot of nutrients are taken up by plants and not replaced. Nutrients need to be added to replace what is taken out, and the best way to do this is test the soil. � Too many nutrients, and it pollutes streams and groundwater, and too little, the plants may die.

Packed with Nutrients Soil, Food, and Health

SOIL is the ultimate source of nutrients our bodies need Nutrients come from plants growing in soil or from animals that eat plants. As plant roots absorb water, they also take in nutrients dissolved in the water (nitrogen, calcium, iron, and others)

Nutrient Facts: What is Good For Plants is Good for Us Nutrient For Plants For Us Nitrogen (N) Leaf, stem, and root growth, green color (chlorophyll) Proteins and amino acids needed for all our cells Potassium (K) Water Uptake, Improves Resistance to pests and disease Healthy muscles and blood circulation Calcium (Ca) Leaf and root growth, cell division, Strong teeth and bones. nutrient uptake Magnesium (Mg) Photosynthesis, activates enzymes Heart and blood vessels Phosphorus (P) Flowers, fruits, and seeds. Helps brain and nerves work Sulfur (S) Amino acids and photosynthesis Amino acids and proteins for growth

…. . how do nutrients get into the soil? Nitrogen comes from organic sources. Some nitrogen is released as organisms decompose animal wastes and dead plants.

Some nitrogen comes from the atmosphere, but only after bacteria converts it into Nitrogen forms that plants can use. N gas Bacteria in nodules attached to roots (legumes)

Other nutrients such as potassium, calcium, and magnesium weather out from inorganic sources such as rocks. Some nutrients like sulfur come from both organic and inorganic sources, including the atmosphere.

� Compost � Deficiency � Fertility � Fertilizer � Macronutrients � Minerals � Nitrogen � Nutrients � Phosphorus � Potassium � Uptake Vocabulary

Vocabulary � Calcium – macronutrient essential to plant growth and function, important to moving Nitrogen � Iron – micronutrient responsible for plant photosynthesis and growth � Magnesium – macronutrient essential to plant growth and phosphorus uptake � Micronutrients – essential nutrients not needed in a large amount, but still very important � Soil testing - the process to find out what kind of nutrients a soil has.

You Eat Dirt! Soil, Food, and Health

Healthy bodies need lots of nutrients. That’s why we need to eat a diversity of foods.

He’s Eating Dirt! Everything in that juicy burger came from the soil:

…. . the beef and cheese come from cows (that eat plants),

……. the tomatoes, onions and lettuce…… Tomatoes Onions Lettuce

……and wheat for the bun ……. even the sesame seeds came from the soil…. . Oh, and the ketchup …(from tomatoes), mustard…(mustard seeds), french fries…(potatoes) Wheat Mustard potato

Plant Nutrients

Plant Nutrients: Non-Minerals � Sixteen chemical elements are known to be important to a plant's growth and survival. The sixteen chemical elements are divided into two main groups: non-mineral and mineral. � These nutrients are found in the air and water. � In a process called photosynthesis, plants use energy from the sun to change carbon dioxide (CO 2 - carbon and oxygen) and water (H 2 O- hydrogen and oxygen) into starches and sugars. These starches and sugars are the plant's food. � Photosynthesis means "making things with light". � Since plants get carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen from the air and water, there is little farmers and gardeners can do to control how much of these nutrients a plant can use. Non-Mineral Nutrients � The Non-Mineral Nutrients are hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), & carbon (C).

Plant Nutirents: Plant Minerals � The 13 mineral nutrients, which come from the soil, are dissolved in water and absorbed through a plant's roots. There are not always enough of these nutrients in the soil for a plant to grow healthy. This is why many farmers and gardeners use fertilizers to add the nutrients to the soil. � The mineral nutrients are divided into two groups: � macronutrients and micronutrients. � Macronutrients � Macronutrients can be broken into two more groups: � primary and secondary nutrients. � The primary nutrients are nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K). These major nutrients usually are lacking from the soil first because plants use large amounts for their growth and survival. � The secondary nutrients are calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sulfur (S). There are usually enough of these nutrients in the soil so fertilization is not always needed. Also, large amounts of Calcium and Magnesium are added when lime is applied to acidic soils. Sulfur is usually found in sufficient amounts from the slow decomposition of soil organic matter, an important reason for not throwing out grass clippings and leaves. � Micronutrients are those elements essential for plant growth which are needed in only very small (micro) quantities. These elements are sometimes called minor elements or trace elements, but use of the term micronutrient is encouraged by the American Society of Agronomy and the Soil Science Society of America. The micronutrients are boron (B), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), chloride (Cl), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo) and zinc (Zn). Recycling organic matter such as grass clippings and tree leaves is an excellent way of providing micronutrients (as well as macronutrients) to growing plants.

� general, most plants grow by absorbing nutrients from the soil. Their ability to do this depends on the nature of the soil. Depending on its location, a soil contains some combination of sand, silt, clay, and organic matter. The makeup of a soil (soil texture) and its acidity (p. H) determine the extent to which nutrients are available to plants. wheelbarrow In � Soil Texture (the amount of sand, silt, clay, and organic matter in the soil) � Soil texture affects how well nutrients and water are retained in the soil. Clays and organic soils hold nutrients and water much better than sandy soils. As water drains from sandy soils, it often carries nutrients along with it. This condition is called leaching. When nutrients leach into the soil, they are not available for plants to use. � An ideal soil contains equivalent portions of sand, silt, clay, and organic matter. Soils across North Carolina vary in their texture and nutrient content, which makes some soils more productive than others. Sometimes, the nutrients that plants need occur naturally in the soil. Othertimes, they must be added to the soil as lime or fertilizer. � Soil p. H (a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of the soil) � Soil p. H is one of the most important soil properties that affects the availability of nutrients. � Macronutrients tend to be less available in soils with low p. H. � Micronutrients tend to be less available in soils with high p. H. � Lime can be added to the soil to make it less sour (acid) and also supplies calcium and magnesium for plants to use. Lime also raises the p. H to the desired range of 6. 0 to 6. 5. � In this p. H range, nutrients are more readily available to plants, and microbial populations in the soil increase. Microbes convert nitrogen and sulfur to forms that plants can use. Lime also enhances the physical properties of the soil that promote water and air movement. � It is a good idea to have your soil tested. If you do, you will get a report that explains how much lime and fertilizer your crop needs.

Macronutirents � � � Macronutrients Nitrogen (N) Nitrogen is a part of all living cells and is a necessary part of all proteins, enzymes and metabolic processes involved in the synthesis and transfer of energy. � Nitrogen is a part of chlorophyll, the green pigment of the plant that is responsible for photosynthesis. � Helps plants with rapid growth, increasing seed and fruit production and improving the quality of leaf and forage crops. � � � Nitrogen often comes from fertilizer application and from the air (legumes get their N from the atmosphere, water or rainfall contributes very little nitrogen) Phosphorus (P) Encourages blooming and root growth. � Phosphorus often comes from fertilizer, bone meal, and superphosphate. � Potassium (K) � Potassium is absorbed by plants in larger amounts than any other mineral element except nitrogen and, in some cases, calcium. � Helps in the building of protein, photosynthesis, fruit quality and reduction of diseases. � Potassium is supplied to plants by soil minerals, organic materials, and fertilizer. � Calcium (Ca) � Calcium, an essential part of plant cell wall structure, provides for normal transport and retention of other elements as well as strength in the plant. It is also thought to counteract the effect of alkali salts and organic acids within a plant. � Sources of calcium are dolomitic lime, gypsum, and superphosphate. � Magnesium (Mg) � Magnesium is part of the chlorophyll in all green plants and essential for photosynthesis. It also helps activate many plant enzymes needed for growth. � Soil minerals, organic material, fertilizers, and dolomitic limestone are sources of magnesium for plants. � Sulfur (S) � Essential plant food for production of protein. � Promotes activity and development of enzymes Like nitrogen, phosphorus (P) is an essential part of the process of photosynthesis. � Involved in the formation of all oils, sugars, starches, etc. � Helps with the transformation of solar energy into chemical energy; proper plant maturation; withstanding stress. � � Effects rapid growth. � and vitamins. � Helps in chlorophyll formation. � Improves root growth and seed production. � Helps with vigorous plant growth and resistance to cold. � Sulfur may be supplied to the soil from rainwater. It is also added in some fertilizers as an impurity, especially the lower grade fertilizers. The use of gypsum also increases soil sulfur levels.

Micronutrients � Boron (B) � Helps in the use of nutrients and regulates other nutrients. � Aids production of sugar and carbohydrates. � Essential for seed and fruit development. � Sources of boron are organic matter and borax � Copper (Cu) � Important for reproductive growth. � Aids in root metabolism and helps in the utilization of proteins. � Chloride (Cl) � Aids plant metabolism. � Chloride is found in the soil. � Iron (Fe) � Essential formation of chlorophyll. � Sources of iron are the soil, iron sulfate, iron chelate. � Manganese (Mn) � Functions with enzyme systems involved in breakdown of carbohydrates, and nitrogen metabolism. � Soil is a source of manganese. � Molybdenum (Mo) � Helps in the use of nitrogen � Soil is a source of molybdenum. � Zinc (Zn) � Essential for the transformation of carbohydrates. � Regulates consumption of sugars. � Part of the enzyme systems which regulate plant growth. � Sources of zinc are soil, zinc oxide, zinc sulfate, zinc chelate.

Mystery solving detecives � https: //web. extension. illinois. edu/gpe/ case 2/c 2 facts 3. html

Soils Need Nutrients Too

KEEPING SOILS FIT Most soils have a large supply of nutrients. But when soils are continually used for growing food, nutrients are removed when the crop is harvested. That is why farmers must add nutrients to their soils

KEEPING SOILS FIT Nutrients can be added from a variety of sources—organic matter (manure), chemical fertilizers, and even by some plants as they grow. Fertilize r Manure

KEEPING SOILS FIT …… before adding fertilizers, farmers often have their soils tested. That way they know which nutrients—and how much—to apply. If too little is added, crops will not produce as well. If too much is added, excess nutrients can run off fields or leach down through the soil and pollute streams and groundwater.

Soil samples are being taken from this pasture to determine how much fertilizer is needed to grow grass for animal grazing.

As the alfalfa in this field grows, it adds nitrogen to the soil. Bacteria in the plant’s roots remove nitrogen from the air and then release it into the soil.

Compost made from animal wastes (manure) makes an excellent organic fertilizer, as does sludge from sewage treatment plants.

Nitrogen from the atmosphere can be processed into fertilizer. Earth’s atmosphere is 78% nitrogen.

Nutrient Deficiency

Soil Fitness Test Plants can lack nutrients just as we can. If a soil does not provide enough nutrients, crops will not grow well. So soil scientists test the soil to determine its fertility. They can also tell a lot about a soil’s fertility by just looking at a crop for symptoms of nutrient deficiencies.

Nitrogen Deficiency Yellowing of leaves, first seen in younger leaves. Stunted growth. Corn Sweet Potato

Phosphorus Deficiency Stunted growth, dark bluish green leaves, purple veins on underside of leaves Corn Strawberry

Zinc Deficiency Yellow, light green-white coloring, plants are stunted Corn Citrus

Photosynthesis A Quick Overview

Flashback Ø Remember our conversation at the beggining of the year about „Where the plant gets its mass from: Water, Soil, Air? “ and the „Conservation of Engery“? ?

How is energy from the sun converted to chemical energy? Photosynthesis is the process in which plants 1) use energy (sunlight) 2) to convert water and carbon dioxide 3) into glucose and oxygen. Glucose O 2

The Photosynthesis Equation 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O → C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 carbon dioxide + water → sugar + oxygen

Chloroplasts - where photosynthesis occurs Pigments in chloroplasts absorb light. The main pigment is CHLOROPHYLL, which absorbs most colors of light except for green.

Structure of Chloroplast Stacks of thylakoids Stroma = space between Draw this chloroplast and label it in your notes.

Absorption Spectrum of Chlorophyll A Green is not absorbed very well, and is REFLECTED, this is why plants appear green.

The funny thing about light Chlorophyll Why are plants green?

It‘s do 2 Quick Labs. . !! �Colors & the Color Spectrum � Chromatography Lab

Why do leaves turn red and yellow in the fall? Carotenoids!

Let’s watch this TED Video to review.

How does SUNLIGHT WATER CARBON DIOXIDE become CARBOHYDRATES (glucose)

How does this conversion of light to glucose happen? Stage 1: Light Dependent Light + Water Releases Oxygen (Thylakoid) Stage 2 Light-Independent CO 2 in Glucose out (Stroma) “How Does Photosynthesis Work” Handout

Energy All living things need energy to survive Autotrophs (plants) make food from the sun Heterotrophs (animals) consume food

ATP - an energy carrying molecule Adenosine Triphosphate -produced by the mitochondria - requires glucose & oxygen - breaking bonds of ATP releases energy