LIFE SAVING APPLIANCES BY PJ SAMSON HEAD OF

LIFE SAVING APPLIANCES BY PJ SAMSON HEAD OF DEPARTMENT HND NAUTICAL SCIENCE PJ SAMSON HEAD OF DEPARTMENT HND (NAUTICAL SCIENCE) 1

GENERAL REQUIREMENT • General Requirement of Life Saving Appliances • be constructed with proper workmanship and materials; • not be damaged in stowage throughout the air temperature range -30°C to + 65°C; • if they are likely to be immersed in seawater during their use, operate throughout the seawater temperature range -1°C to + 30°C; • where applicable, be rot-proof, corrosion-resistant, and not be unduly affected by seawater, oil or fungal attack; • where exposed to sunlight, be resistant to deterioration; PJ SAMSON HEAD OF DEPARTMENT HND (NAUTICAL SCIENCE) 2

GENERAL REQUIREMENT • be of a highly visible colour on all parts where this will assist detection; • be fitted with retro-reflective material where it will assist in detection and in accordance with the recommendations of the Organization; • if they are to be used in a seaway, be capable of satisfactory operation in that environment; • be clearly marked with approval information including the Administration which approved it, and any operational restrictions; and • where applicable, be provided with electrical short circuit protection to prevent damage or injury. PJ SAMSON HEAD OF DEPARTMENT HND (NAUTICAL SCIENCE) 3

MOB Marker • Man overboard marker is a device fitted on the outboard side of ship’s bridge wing attached to a lifebuoy. If any crew member or passenger falls overboard personal on board will quickly release the MOB marker which will fall into sea and float emitting orange smoke and flashing lights. The purpose of Man overboard marker is to mark the position of person fallen overboard for rescue operation. • SOLAS require at least one Man overboard marker to be mounted on each bridge wing. Man overboard marker (MOB) need to be attached to a lifebuoy weighing 4 kg with a lanyard. When there is a man over board emergency the lifebuoy and Man overboard marker must be released. Release mechanism allows automatic and manual release. • Once released the marker will float in sea attached to the lifebuoy and produce dense orange smoke for at least 15 minutes and two lights will burn for at least 2 hours as a day and night signal. PJ SAMSON HEAD OF DEPARTMENT HND (NAUTICAL SCIENCE) 4

MOB Marker • SOLAS require MOB marker be able to be operable from a mounting height of at least 30 M. • Potassium chlorate is the main ingredient in MOB marker. Chemical reaction of potassium chlorate with other ingredients inside generates the dense Orange smoke. • When MOB marker is transported by sea as a cargo same must be consigned as per IMDG Code regulations as it falls under classification criteria of explosives. Some of the MOB markers are classified as UN 0507 Class 1. 4 S or UN 0197 Class 1. 4 G. • However MOB markers fitted on board vessels and in its store as part of life saving appliances do not fall under the purview of IMDG Code as Regulation 2 of SOLAS Chapter VII Part A (Carriage of Dangerous Goods in Packaged Form) states the provisions of this part do not apply to ships’ stores and equipment. PJ SAMSON HEAD OF DEPARTMENT HND (NAUTICAL SCIENCE) 5

MOB Marker • Storage • Onboard vessel: Two units are normally required to be carried. Mounted inverted and attached to a lifebuoy. Usually positioned on each Bridge wing and need a clear, uninterrupted drop into the water. • Operation 1. Signal and lifebuoy mounted on bridge wing in ready to fire position. 2. Release locking pin and lifebuoy falls, automatically deploying marker. 3. Alternatively, manually throw lifebuoy overboard. PJ SAMSON HEAD OF DEPARTMENT HND (NAUTICAL SCIENCE) 6

MOB Marker with Clamp PJ SAMSON HEAD OF DEPARTMENT HND (NAUTICAL SCIENCE) 7

MOB Marker with Life Buoy PJ SAMSON HEAD OF DEPARTMENT HND (NAUTICAL SCIENCE) 8

Life Jackets General Requirements • 1. A lifejacket shall not sustain burning or continue melting after being totally enveloped in a fire for a period of 2 s. • 2. An adult lifejacket shall be so constructed that: • at least 75% of persons, who are completely unfamiliar with the lifejacket, can correctly don it within a period of 1 min without assistance, guidance or prior demonstration; • after demonstration, all persons can correctly don it within a period of 1 min without assistance; • it is clearly capable of being worn in only one way or, as far as is practicable, cannot be donned incorrectly; • it is comfortable to wear; and • it allows the wearer to jump from a height of at least 4. 5 m into the water without injury and without dislodging or damaging the lifejacket. PJ SAMSON HEAD OF DEPARTMENT HND (NAUTICAL SCIENCE) 9

Life Jackets General Requirements • 3. An adult lifejacket shall have sufficient buoyancy and stability in calm fresh • lift the mouth of an exhausted or unconscious person not less than 120 mm clear of the water with the body inclined backwards at an angle of not less than 20” from the vertical position; and • turn the body of an unconscious person in the water from any position to one where the mouth is clear of the water in not more than 5 s. PJ SAMSON HEAD OF DEPARTMENT HND (NAUTICAL SCIENCE) 10

Life Jackets General Requirements • 4. An adult lifejacket shall allow the person wearing it to swim a short distance and • 5. A child lifejacket shall be constructed and perform the same as an adult lifejacket except as follows: • donning assistance is permitted for small children; • it shall only be required to lift the mouth of an exhausted or unconscious wearer clear of the water a distance appropriate to the size of the intended wearer; and • assistance may be given to board a survival craft, but wearer mobility shall not be significantly reduced. PJ SAMSON HEAD OF DEPARTMENT HND (NAUTICAL SCIENCE) 11

Life Jackets General Requirements • 6. In addition to the markings required by paragraph mentioned earlier, a child lifejacket shall • the height or weight range for which the lifejacket will meet the testing and evaluation criteria recommended by the Organization; and • a “child” symbol as shown in the “child’s lifejacket” symbol adopted by the Organization. • 7. In addition to the markings required by paragraph mentioned earlier, a child lifejacket shall • the height or weight range for which the lifejacket will meet the testing and evaluation criteria recommended by the Organization; and • a “child” symbol as shown in the “child’s lifejacket” symbol adopted by the Organization. PJ SAMSON HEAD OF DEPARTMENT HND (NAUTICAL SCIENCE) 12

Life Jackets General Requirements 8. Amendments to Chapter II of the International Life-Saving Appliance (LSA) Code come into effect on July 1, 2010, and introduce the following new requirements for the approval of lifejackets: • Each lifejacket shall be fitted with a whistle firmly secured by a lanyard. • Lifejacket lights and whistles shall be selected and secured to the lifejacket in such a way that their performance in combination is not degraded. • PJ SAMSON HEAD OF DEPARTMENT HND (NAUTICAL SCIENCE) 13

Life Jackets General Requirements • Each lifejacket shall be provided with a releasable buoyant line or other means to secure it to a lifejacket worn by another person in the water. • Each lifejacket shall be provided with a suitable means to allow a rescuer to lift the wearer from the water into a survival craft or rescue boat. • On all ships where adult lifejackets are not designed to fit persons weighing up to 140 kg with a chest girth of up to 1, 750 mm, suitable accessories are to be provided that allow the lifejacket to be secured to such persons. • All passenger ships are to be provided with lifejackets for “infants”. PJ SAMSON HEAD OF DEPARTMENT HND (NAUTICAL SCIENCE) 14

Inflatable Life Jackets • A lifejacket which depends on inflation for buoyancy shall have not less than two separate compartments and comply with the requirements of paragraph general requirement and shall: – inflate automatically on immersion, be provided with a device to permit inflation by a single manual motion and be capable of being inflated by mouth; – in the event of loss of buoyancy in any one compartment be capable of complying with the general requirements; and – comply with the requirements of paragraph above on buoyancy after inflation by means of the automatic mechanism. PJ SAMSON HEAD OF DEPARTMENT HND (NAUTICAL SCIENCE) 15

Life Jacket Lights • have a luminous intensity of not less than 0. 75 cd in all directions of the upper hemisphere; • have a source of energy capable of providing a luminous intensity of 0. 75 cd for a period of at least 8 h; • be visible over as great a segment of the upper hemisphere as is practicable when attached to a lifejacket; and • be of white colour. If the light referred to in paragraph mentioned above is a flashing light, it shall, in addition: • be provided with a manually operated switch; and • flash at a rate of not less than 50 flashes and not more than 70 flashes per minute with an effective luminous intensity of at least 0. 75 cd PJ SAMSON HEAD OF DEPARTMENT HND (NAUTICAL SCIENCE) 16

Rocket Parachute Signals • be contained in a water-resistant casing; • have brief instructions or diagrams clearly illustrating the use of the rocket parachute flare printed on its casing; • have integral means of ignition; and be so designed as not to cause discomfort to the person holding the casing when used in accordance with the manufacturer's operating instructions. • be so designed as not to cause discomfort to the person holding the casing when used in accordance with the manufacturer's operating instructions. PJ SAMSON HEAD OF DEPARTMENT HND (NAUTICAL SCIENCE) 17

Pyrotechnics PJ SAMSON HEAD OF DEPARTMENT HND (NAUTICAL SCIENCE) 18

Rocket Parachute Signals The rocket shall, when fired vertically, reach an altitude of not less than 300 m. At or near the top of its trajectory, the rocket shall eject a parachute flare, which shall: • burn with a bright red colour; • burn uniformly with an average luminous intensity of not less than 30, 000 cd; • have a burning period of not less than 40 s; • have a rate of descent of not more than 5 d s ; and • not damage its parachute or attachments while burning. PJ SAMSON HEAD OF DEPARTMENT HND (NAUTICAL SCIENCE) 19

Hand Flares • be contained in a water-resistant casing; • have brief instructions or diagrams clearly illustrating the use of the hand flare printed on its casing; • have a self-contained means of ignition; and • be so designed as not to cause discomfort to the person holding the casing and not endanger the survival craft by burning or glowing residues when used in accordance with the manufacturer's operating instructions. • burn with a bright red colour; • burn uniformly with an average luminous intensity of not less than 15, 000 cd; • have a burning period of not less than 1 min; and • continue to burn after having been immersed for a period of 10 s under 100 mm of water. PJ SAMSON HEAD OF DEPARTMENT HND (NAUTICAL SCIENCE) 20

Buoyant Smoke Signal • be contained in a water-resistant casing; • not ignite explosively when used in accordance with the manufacturer’s operating instructions; and • have brief instructions or diagrams clearly illustrating the use of the buoyant smoke signal printed on its casing. • emit smoke of a highly visible colour at a uniform rate for a period of not less than 3 min when floating in calm water; • not emit any flame during the entire smoke emission time; • not be swamped in a seaway; and • continue to emit smoke when submerged in water for a period of 10 s under 100 mm of water. PJ SAMSON HEAD OF DEPARTMENT HND (NAUTICAL SCIENCE) 21

Pyrotechnic Required to be Carried in Survival Craft • four rocket parachute flares • six hand flares • two buoyant smoke signals PJ SAMSON HEAD OF DEPARTMENT HND (NAUTICAL SCIENCE) 22

Line Throwing Appliance • Is a self-contained rocket powered line throwing unit designed for ship to ship and ship to shore operations as well as for the rescue of people in distress at sea. • One line throwing apparatus is required to be equipped, which includes not less than 4 projectiles each capable of carrying the line at least 230 meter in calm water. • Must have good accuracy. • A brief instruction with diagram must be present in the container. • Must have 4 lines with breaking strength not less then 2 kilo Newton. PJ SAMSON HEAD OF DEPARTMENT HND (NAUTICAL SCIENCE) 23

Line Throwing Appliance PJ SAMSON HEAD OF DEPARTMENT HND (NAUTICAL SCIENCE) 24

Use of Hydrostatic Release Unit • A hydrostatic release unit allows a life raft to launch automatically if there isn’t time for crew to launch it manually. • Depending on the type of emergency, a vessel could sink very quickly and with little warning. It is therefore important that every life raft should have a hydrostatic release unit fitted to the lashing that secures it. PJ SAMSON HEAD OF DEPARTMENT HND (NAUTICAL SCIENCE) 25

HRU Hammar Type • The white strong rope of Hammar H 20 is secured to the deck or liferaft cradle and attached to the life raft lashing with a sliphook. If the ship sinks, the water pressure will, within 4 meters, activate the sharp knife which cuts the white strong rope and the life raft will float free. As the ship sinks, the life raft painter line will be stretched and the life raft starts to inflate. The Red Weak Link™ breaks and survivors can board the floating life raft. The Hammar H 20 needs no annual service, maintenance or spare parts, but MUST BE REPLACED AFTER TWO YEARS. PJ SAMSON HEAD OF DEPARTMENT HND (NAUTICAL SCIENCE) 26

HRU Hammar Type PJ SAMSON HEAD OF DEPARTMENT HND (NAUTICAL SCIENCE) 27

HRU Reusable Type • Hydrostatic Release Unit can be fitted to any container packed life raft from 4 – 150 person capacity, to allow unattended deployment in a sinking vessel. At a depth of between 1. 5 to four meters, water pressure depresses an internal diaphragm within the device. • This operates the release mechanism that secures the raft container to its cradle or mounting position. The life raft will then float free of the sinking vessel and rise towards the surface with the raft’s painter line paying out as the vessel continues to sink. When all the free length of painter line is paid out, the inflation mechanism of the life raft is activated, the raft inflates and continues to rise towards the surface. At this point of inflation, the weak link on the HRU breaks and allows the life raft to continue to float to the surface ready for boarding. PJ SAMSON HEAD OF DEPARTMENT HND (NAUTICAL SCIENCE) 28

HRU Reusable Type PJ SAMSON HEAD OF DEPARTMENT HND (NAUTICAL SCIENCE) 29

Operational Readiness: • Before the ship leaves port and at all times during the voyage, all life-saving appliances shall be in working order and ready for immediate use. PJ SAMSON HEAD OF DEPARTMENT HND (NAUTICAL SCIENCE) 30

Maintenance General: • Maintenance, testing and inspections of life-saving appliances shall be carried out based on the guidelines developed by the Organization* and in a manner having due regard to ensuring reliability of such appliances. • Instructions for on-board maintenance of life-saving appliances complying with the requirements of regulation 36 shall be provided and maintenance shall be carried out accordingly. • The Administration may accept, in lieu of the above, a shipboard planned maintenance programme which includes the requirements of regulation 36. PJ SAMSON HEAD OF DEPARTMENT HND (NAUTICAL SCIENCE) 31

Maintenance of Falls • Falls used in launching shall be inspected periodically* with special regard for areas passing through sheaves, and renewed when necessary due to deterioration of the falls or at intervals of not more than 5 years, whichever is the earlier. • * Refer to Measures to prevent accidents with lifeboats (MSC. 1/Circ. 1206). PJ SAMSON HEAD OF DEPARTMENT HND (NAUTICAL SCIENCE) 32

Spares and repair equipment • Spares and repair equipment shall be provided for lifesaving appliances and their components which are subject to excessive wear or consumption and need to be replaced regularly. PJ SAMSON HEAD OF DEPARTMENT HND (NAUTICAL SCIENCE) 33

Servicing of inflatable liferafts, inflatable lifejackets, and marine evacuation systems, and maintenance and repair of inflated rescue boats. Every inflatable liferaft, inflatable lifejacket, and marine evacuation system shall be serviced as follows: – at intervals not exceeding 12 months, provided where in any case this is impracticable, the Administration may extend this period to 17 months; and – at an approved servicing station which is competent to service them, maintains proper servicing facilities and uses only properly trained personnel. *Refer to the Recommendation on the Conditions for the Approval of Servicing Stations for Inflatable Liferafts adopted by the Organization by resolution A. 761(18). PJ SAMSON HEAD OF DEPARTMENT HND (NAUTICAL SCIENCE) 34

Servicing • In addition to or in conjunction with the servicing intervals of marine evacuation systems required, each marine evacuation system should be deployed from theship on a rotational basis at intervals to be agreed by the Administration provided that each system is to be deployed at least once every six years. An Administration which approves new and novel inflatable liferaft arrangements pursuant to regulation 4 may allow for extended service intervals on the following conditions: – The new and novel liferaft arrangement has proved to maintain the same standard, as required by testing procedure, during extended service intervals. PJ SAMSON HEAD OF DEPARTMENT HND (NAUTICAL SCIENCE) 35

Servicing – Service at intervals not exceeding five years shall be carried out in accordance with the recommendations of the Organization. * * Refer to the Recommendation on the Conditions for the Approval of Servicing Stations for Inflatable Liferafts adopted by the Organization by resolution A. 761(18). – All repairs and maintenance of inflated rescue boats shall be carried out in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. Emergency repairs may be carried out on board the ship; however, permanent repairs shall be effected at an approved servicing station. PJ SAMSON HEAD OF DEPARTMENT HND (NAUTICAL SCIENCE) 36

Periodic servicing of hydrostatic release units • Hydrostatic release units, other than disposable hydrostatic release units, shall be serviced as follows: 1. at intervals not exceeding 12 months, provided where in any case this is impracticable, the Administration may extend this period to 17 months * ; and • * Refer to MSC/Circ. 955, Servicing of life-saving appliances and radio communication equipment under the harmonized system of survey and certification (HSSC) – at a servicing station which is competent to service them, maintains proper servicing facilities and uses only properly trained personnel. PJ SAMSON HEAD OF DEPARTMENT HND (NAUTICAL SCIENCE) 37

Periodic servicing of hydrostatic release units • Periodic servicing of launching appliances and on -load release gear 11. 1 Launching appliances shall be: – maintained in accordance with instructions for onboard maintenance as required by regulation 36; – subject to a thorough examination at the annual surveys required by regulations I/7 or I/8, as applicable; and. 3 upon completion of the examination referred to in. 2 subjected to a dynamic test of the winch brake at maximum lowering speed PJ SAMSON HEAD OF DEPARTMENT HND (NAUTICAL SCIENCE) 38

Periodic servicing of hydrostatic release units Lifeboat or rescue boat on-load release gear, including free-fall lifeboat release systems, shall be: – maintained in accordance with instructions for on-board maintenance as required by regulation 36; – subject to a thorough examination and operational test during the annual surveys required by regulations I/7 and I/8 by properly trained personnel familiar with the system; and – operationally tested under a load of 1. 1 times the total mass of the lifeboat when loaded with its full complement of persons and equipment whenever the release gear is overhauled. Such over-hauling and test shall be carried out at least once every five years. * • *Refer to the Recommendation on testing of life-saving appliances, adopted by the Organization by resolution A. 689(17). For life-saving appliances installed on board on or after 1 July 1999, refer to the Revised Recommendations on testing of life-saving appliances, adopted by the Organization by resolution MSC. 81(70). PJ SAMSON HEAD OF DEPARTMENT HND (NAUTICAL SCIENCE) 39

Periodic servicing of hydrostatic release units Davit-launched liferaft automatic release hooks shall be: • maintained in accordance with instructions for on-board maintenance as required by regulation 36; • subject to a thorough examination and operational test during the annual surveys required by regulations I/7 and I/8 by properly trained personnel familiar with the system; and • operationally tested under a load of 1. 1 times the total mass of the liferaft when loaded with its full complement of persons and equipment whenever the automatic release hook is overhauled. Such over-hauling and test shall be carried out at least once every five years. * • * Refer to the Recommendation on testing of life-saving appliances, as adopted by the Organization by resolution A. 689(17). For life-saving appliances installed on board on or after 1 July 1999, refer to the Revised Recommendations on testing of life-saving appliances, as adopted by the Maritime Safety Committee of the Organization by resolution MSC. 81(70). ” PJ SAMSON HEAD OF DEPARTMENT HND (NAUTICAL SCIENCE) 40

Man Overboard Drill • Regularly practice a man overboard drill procedure so that all onboard are familiar with the correct process. • The priority when a person falls overboard is alerting the crew with a cry of "man overboard". • Immediately throw MOB marker and buoyancy to help the person stay afloat. • Throw floatation devices upwind of the MOB, so that they drift toward the man overboard. • That includes life jackets, life rings, or floating boat cushions, daytime orange smoke, dye marker, dan buoy with attached life ring, or simply anything that floats. • Shout words of encouragement, stay calm, and maintain an eye on the MOB as it is very easy to lose sight of someone in the water. PJ SAMSON HEAD OF DEPARTMENT HND (NAUTICAL SCIENCE) 41

Man Overboard Drill • Hit the MOB button on the GPS if available. • The skipper should brief the crew on the recovery procedure and make everyone aware of what method will be used to retrieve the MOB. • If you lose site of the MOB for more than a minute, issue a mayday call on the VHF. It can always be canceled if the man overboard is located. • While in man overboard procedure, have a crew member prepare a floating line or if a floating line is not available a line with a large loop. PJ SAMSON HEAD OF DEPARTMENT HND (NAUTICAL SCIENCE) 42

Man Overboard Drill • Once close to the MOB the skipper will give directions to throw a floating line to the MOB. Instruct the MOB to put the line around his body and under his arms. • Slowly pull the MOB to the boat making sure that he/she is able to keep their face above water. Do not pull them in to quickly or they could go under. • Once the MOB is alongside the boat, get them aboard. PJ SAMSON HEAD OF DEPARTMENT HND (NAUTICAL SCIENCE) 43

PREPARING FOR ABANDON SHIP 1. Broadcast distress alert by all available means 2. Instruct crew members to don warm clothing, life jackets and survival suits 3. Muster crews at stations and check all accounted for. 4. Distribute GMDSS radios and batteries, SARTs, pyrotechnics to survival craft PJ SAMSON HEAD OF DEPARTMENT HND (NAUTICAL SCIENCE) 44

PREPARING FOR ABANDON SHIP 5. Prepare to launch survival craft and MOB boat/FRC 6. Upon instructions by the Master embark and launch survival craft 7. Ensure survival craft stay in proximity to the abandoned vessel and in close contact with each other. 8. Instigate rescue and survival procedures 9. Collect all extra food rations, blankets and water PJ SAMSON HEAD OF DEPARTMENT HND (NAUTICAL SCIENCE) 45

ACTION AFTER ABANDONING SHIP a) Tie raft and net together. It is easier for searchers to find a large group of survivors than two or three adrift separately. b) Able-bodied men stay out of crowded raft and hang on the side. Ropes on raft should be sufficiently loose to permit an easy grasp. c) If the sea is rough, breath as in swimming, inhaling through the mouth, exhaling through the nose as a wave washes over you. d) Do not try to swim if raft or net is available. Save your strength. e) Keep kicking you legs and moving all parts of your body to prevent numbness which will strike in 30 seconds of inactivity in cold water. f) Beware of drowsiness, which often comes on between 15 to 45 minutes after you enter the water. g) Shivering saps strength quickly. Deep rapid breathing and moving the arms and legs will usually stop it. h) Non-swimmers are most likely to lose their heads. Encourage them and keep talking to them calmly and quietly. i) Stay calm. PJ SAMSON HEAD OF DEPARTMENT HND (NAUTICAL SCIENCE) 46

Survival Techniques • Your chance of survival without food and water depends on your resourcefulness and foresight to make use of the available equipment when adrift. The following are guidelines for survival and based on records told by survivors. • 1. Without water, a man in good health will live from 8 to 10 days. • 2. With water and in good health, you can live with out food for as long as 21 days. • 3. Survivors have known to live for 10 days or more on as little as 2 or 3 ounces of water per day without bodily harm. • 4. If you lack water do not eat. Your body use water in digesting and assimilating food. • 5. Abstain from both food and water for the first 24 hrs. after that ration what you have, and when that is gone, live off your body fat and protein. • 6. When fat and protein is converted to energy, water is released by the tissues and will help maintain kidney activity. PJ SAMSON HEAD OF DEPARTMENT HND (NAUTICAL SCIENCE) 47

Survival Techniques • 7. Keep your body protected as much as possible from sun and wind. • 8. Do not use heavy clothing in warm weather. • 9. Strenuous exercise and worry induce sweating with subsequent lose of water. • 10. By relaxing the mind and body and guarding against exposure to extreme temperatures, you can live longer on your stored energy. • 11. Do not drink sea water. Rain, ice and the body fluids of animals are the only sources of water. • 12. Remain in the water for hours at a time to prevent evaporation of water through the skin and to let the body absorb enough water to increase kidney activity. PJ SAMSON HEAD OF DEPARTMENT HND (NAUTICAL SCIENCE) 48

Survival Techniques • 13. The blood of birds and the body fluids of fish are drinkable and nourishing. • 14. Collect rain water in any available receptacle, using clothing, parachute or sails. • 15. Device methods before there is an actual need. • 16. In case of heavy rain, drink all you can hold when water is plentiful. • 17. Fishes are good to eat, cooked or raw. Device any means of catching them. PJ SAMSON HEAD OF DEPARTMENT HND (NAUTICAL SCIENCE) 49

MORALE FACTORS OF SURVIVAL • 1. High morale will help you survive; without it you may lost your hope and die. • 2. Do not let your thoughts and imagination become your greatest enemy. • 3. Keep fishing and experimenting to the limit, for activity is the best cure for depression. • 4. Be cheerful and think of your will to survive. 5. Cooperate with the group and obey your leaders. PJ SAMSON HEAD OF DEPARTMENT HND (NAUTICAL SCIENCE) 50

RECOVERING SURVIVORS • Try to keep sufficiently off the wind to reduce the ship’s roll and pitch and to create a lee. • Steaming slowly ahead with the recovery target secured alongside. • Craft may be damaged, lines may part, or people may fall into the water during the recovery operation, and drift astern. • Try to secure survival craft alongside if possible, to prevent them being blown away or left behind. • When lifting people, control lines should be rigged to the hoist and tended in an effort to minimize swinging. PJ SAMSON HEAD OF DEPARTMENT HND (NAUTICAL SCIENCE) 51

RECOVERING SURVIVORS • Safety lines should always be used to secure the casualty in case he/she is injured and/or falls. • If the differential movement is too violent, you will need to consider other options. • It may be possible to transfer those to be recovered to an intermediate platform such as a life raft veered down to them, or acting as a fender against the ship’s side. • It may be necessary to have them enter the water, suitably equipped with flotation aids and safety lines from the ship, to be pulled across a safety gap between the ship and the survival craft. • Ultimately, however, the only option may be to abandon the attempt at recovery and to stand by the target, supplying whatever assistance you can until a more capable recovery unit arrives or conditions ease. PJ SAMSON HEAD OF DEPARTMENT HND (NAUTICAL SCIENCE) 52

RECOVERING SURVIVORS PJ SAMSON HEAD OF DEPARTMENT HND (NAUTICAL SCIENCE) 53