LIFE PROCESSES AMOEBA KINGDOM Protista PHYLUM Sarcodina CLASS

LIFE PROCESSES AMOEBA KINGDOM: Protista PHYLUM: Sarcodina CLASS: Sarcodina GENUS: Amoeba SPECIES: Amoeba proteus

Amoeba

Movement � Amoeboid movement �Pseudopodium ○ Endoplasm will stream toward a portion of the plasma membrane, causing a bulge to form. This bulge is gradually extended into a long pseudopod. The cytoplasm then flows into the pseudopod and draws the plasma membrane with it. �Oozes

Body Covering � Plasma membrane �outer layer that helps in filtering �Flexible �Allows organism to constantly change shape � Cyst �In unfavorable conditions (dryness, lack of food) the amoeba will protect itself by becoming a cyst

Support � Ectoplasm �Clear fluid just inside the plasma membrane � Endoplasm �cytoplasm inside the organism that contains all of the cytoplasmic organelles

Nutrition � Phagocytosis �Pseudopodia engulf the food particles sealing it into a food vacuole

Respiration • Exchange dissolved gases with environment

Circulation � Open circulatory system within the organism � Contractile vacuole – expels extra water

Excretion � Soluble wastes diffuse to environment

Responses � Cyst – response to harsh environmental conditions; metabolic rates slows and forms a hard exterior coating for protection

Reproduction � Asexual �Binary Fission �Conjugation

LIFE PROCESSES – PARAMECIUM Phylum: Ciliophora Class: Ciliatea Genus: Paramecium

Paramecium

Movement � Cilia �Small hair-like structures that beat rhythmically to either propel the organism toward the food or to move the food toward the organism. �Completely surrounding the organism

Body Covering � Pellicle �Firm, flexible protein-rich covering that is external to the cell membrane �Slipper-shaped

Support � Pellicle is firm and maintains shape � Cytoplasm helps to maintain shape

Nutrition � Oral groove – funnel-shaped indentation lined with cilia that will sweep food into the mouth pore � Mouth pore – opening to the gullet � Gullet – short tube connecting the gullet to the food vacuole � Food vacuole – will travel through cytoplasm allowing enzymes from lysosomes will digest food.

Respiration • Exchange dissolved gases with environment

Circulation � Open circulatory system within the organism

Excretion � Contractile Vacuole (2) – �Star-shaped �uses pinocytosis to injest or expel water that has dissolved nutrients �Soluble wastes diffuse to environment through plasma membrane � Anal pore �expels insoluble wastes

Responses � Taxes �Generally respond to touch �Generally a change in speed or direction � Trichocysts �Tiny organelles under the pellicle that discharge stiff filaments into the water as a defense mechanism

Reproduction � Asexual �Binary Fission ○ Micronucleus divides by mitosis ○ Macronucleus, containing multiple copies of DNA, enlarges and divides in half ○ Body elongates and a second gullet forms ○ Finally, a furrow forms dividing the organism in two ○ Each daughter cell has identical organelles

Reproduction � Sexual �Conjugation ○ Two paramecia attach to each other by their oral surfaces. ○ Genetic material is exchanged ○ The paramecia will also go through nuclear changes within themselves. ○ Paramecia separate and each paramecia will go through division to form two similar organisms (a total of four)

LIFE PROCESSES EUGLENA Phylum Euglenophycota Class Euglenophyceae Genus Euglena

Euglena

Movement � Flagella – two – one very long, one very short �Uses a whip-like motion with the flagella to PULL themselves through the water � Euglenoid Movement ○ Modified Amoeboid movement ○ Pulls the cytoplasm in so shape becomes round, then re-extends itself forward. ○ Worm-like motion

Body Covering � Pellicle �Maintains shape

Support � Pellicle � Cytoplasm

Nutrition � Autotrophic �Photosynthesis ○ Chloroplasts – contain Chlorophyll a and b and carotenoids � Saprophytic �Absorbs dissolved nutrients in low light or darkness

Respiration • Exchange dissolved gases with environment

Circulation � Open circulatory system �Gullet – exterior opening near flagella �Resevoir – section at end of gullet

Excretion � Soluble wastes diffuse to environment � Contractile vacuole �Maintains water balance by expelling excess water into the reservoir

Responses � Eyespot �Small red spot that is light-sensitive

Reproduction � Asexual �Binary Fission ○ Once per day under ideal conditions � Sexual �unknown

Classification � Euglena could be classified as either a protozoa or an algal. � Scientists tend to lean toward algal because it appears more plantlike due to the photosynthetic structures using photosynthesis as a first source of nutrition.

LIFE PROCESSES Planaria Phylum: Platyhelminthes

Classification � Kingdom: Animalia Subkingdom: Eumetazoa Superphylum: Platyzoa Phylum: Platyhelminthes Class: Turbellaria Order: Seriata Suborder: Tricladida Family: Planariidae

Movement � Special cells – produce slime on ventral side � Ciliated cells – propel worm over slime layer � Contractions of the muscle layers beneath the epidermis help with larger movements

Body Covering � Three layers �Epidermis – slime layer �Mesoderm – organs and systems develop from these cells �Gastroderm – lines the digestive tract

Support � Intestine structure

Nutrition � Scavenge pieces of decayed animal or plant matter � Mouth – small opening on ventral side to allow pharynx to exit � Pharynx – straw-like structure that takes up food particles � Food is broken down in the intestine structure then digested by cells and diffused

Respiration • Diffusion

Circulation � Diffusion

Excretion � Diffusion � Flame cells – assists in diffusion; hollow bulbs containing a tuft of cilia that help to maintain current flow throughout the tubules systems

Responses � Elaborate nervous system � Group of nerve cells called the “brain” � Sensory nerves for taste, touch, and smell located in the anterior portion of animal � Two longitudinal nerves run alone the length of animal and are connected by transverse nerves � Eyespots – react to light intensity

Reproduction � Asexual �Regeneration � Sexual �Hermaphroditic – male and female �Only uses cross-fertilization

Yellow Perch LIFE PROCESSES

Classification � � � � � Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Superclass: Osteichthyes Class: Actinopterygii Subclass: Neopterygii Infraclass: Teleostei Order: Perciformes Family: Percidae Genus: Perca

Movement Swim Bladder – helps the fish to control depth � Paired fins � �Pectoral – side fins toward the head �Pelvic - below and behind pectoral � Unpaired fins �Anterior dorsal – front, top �Posterior dorsal – back, top �Anal – ventral, behind pelvic �Caudal (tail) – extreme back of fish

Support � Bony skeleton containing a vertebral column and skull bones � Body covering �Scales �Mucus – secreted by glands beneath the scales; coats the scales with a waterproof coating �Countershading – top half darker than bottom half so that from whichever direction fish is camouflaged; protection device

Nutrition Feed on plankton, worms, insects, plants, other fish, and even some mammals � Mouth – biting and holding prey � Pharynx and esophagus – flexible and food passes from mouth to stomach through these � Tube-like stomach – storage � Pyloric ceca – located at junction of stomach and intestine; secretes digestive enzymes �

Nutrition � Liver – large, secretes bile that helps with the digestion of fats � Gallbladder – stores excess bile � Pancreas – secretes other digestive enzymes

Respiration Operculum – inconspicuous plate behind the eye; � Gills – two rows of thin filaments � � Operculum closes forcing water into the mouth, operculum then opens and draws water over the gills; oxygen that dissolved in the water is exchanged through the gill membrane into the many blood vessels; waste carbon dioxide is exchanged out to the water

Circulation � Heart �Atrium – receives blood from body tissues �Ventricle – pumps blood from atrium to the arteries � Arteries – carry blood to organs � Veins – carry blood back to heart

Response Brain – lobed � Spinal cord – � Ten pairs of cranial nerves branch from the brain to many pair of spinal nerves � Olfactory nerve – sense of smell is one of the best senses for the fish � Olfactory sacs – small pouches behind nostrils on the fish’s snout; can detect minute amounts of stuff in water; smells guide some fish during migration �

Response � Tongue – used for taste (dull sense) and touch � Sound vibrations detected through skull � Lateral line – sensory canal – allows fish to detect changes in water pressure and movement beneath them; very sensitive

Reproduction � Oviparous – eggs are laid then fertilized � Females – ovaries; eggs � Males – testes; sperm � Females spawn (deposit eggs) then males cover with milt (substance containing sperm) � Yolk – food material