LIDAR INSTRUCTOR CLASS LASER LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED

LIDAR INSTRUCTOR CLASS

LASER • • LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSIONS OF RADIATION

LIDAR • • LIGHT DETECTION AND RANGING

BENEFITS OF LIDAR ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITY • Articulable suspicion to stop violator • DWI • DRUGS • DRIVER CHECK • Corrects unsafe driving behavior • SAVE LIVES • SLOW TRAFFIC • REDUCE CRASHES • Increase visibility of Law Enforcement

ACHIEVE OPTIMUM PROFICIENCY IN LIDAR OPERATION THE BASIC QUESTION CONCERNING THE VALIDITY OF A SPEED MEASUREMENT WITH THE USE OF LIDAR: “IS THE MEASUREMENT AN ACCURATE REPRESENTATION OF THE SPEED OF THE VEHICLE, DRIVEN BY THE ACCUSED AT THE TIME OF THE ALLEGED VIOLATION” 1. PROPER SET UP AND OPERATION OF THE LIDAR 2. PROPER TARGET IDENTIFICATION

HISTORY OF LASER • 1917 • 1957 • 1960 • 1989 • 1991 ALBERT EINSTEIN DEVELOPED THEORY OF A SINGLE FREQUENCY OF LIGHT. GORDON GOULD INVENTED THE FIRST LASER (ON PAPER). THEODORE MAIMAN DEVELOPED THE FIRST WORKING LASER SYSTEM. LASER TECHNOLOGY, INC. PATENTED THE FIRST POLICE TRAFFIC LASER. THE MARKSMAN 20 -20 POLICE LIDAR IS MARKETED.

COURT CASES • 1996 SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY, ORDERED THAT ADMISSIBILITY TO LIDAR BE SUBJECT TO THE FOLLOWING: • NEW JERSEY STATE POLICE TESTING: – 18 MONTHS OF TESTING – 1, 908 DOCUMENTED CASES WITH ONLY A. 08% VARIANCE IN READINGS – WITH NEW EVIDENCE JUDGE STANTON TOOK JUDICIAL NOTICE OF THE ACCURACY OF LIDAR

1996 SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY • 1) EXPERT TESTIMONY NOT REQUIRED • 2) PROPER TRAINING AND TRAINING MUST BE DOCUMENTED • 3) LIDAR MUST BE TESTED WITH MANUFACTURES RECOMMENDATION

COURT CASES MN COURT OF APPEALS • FILED 05/11/04 CASE # A 03 -806 IMPORTANT FINDINGS: • 1) TESTING FOR ACCURACY • 2) OFFICER TRAINING • 3) NO REQUIREMENT FOR EXTERNAL TEST OF MOVING OBJECT (continued)

COURT CASES MN COURT OF APPEALS • 4) VISUAL OBSERVATION/ESTIMATION IS VERY IMPORTANT • 5) ALL RECORDS KEPT FOR BUSINESS IE. LOGS, CERTIFICATES, ETC. ARE ADMISSIBLE INTO COURT

HAWAII VS ASSAYE SEPTEMBER 5, 2007, HONOLULU POLICE OFFICER ISSUED LIDAR SPEEDING CITATION, 90 MPH IN A 55 MPH ZONE. LOWER COURT CONVICTED DEFENDANT. SEPTEMBER 30, 2009, SUPREME COURT OF HAWAII DISMISSED THE CASE. • OFFICER HAD PROPERLY TESTED THE LIDAR AS TRAINED • OFFICER DID NOT KNOW MANUFACTURE’S PROCEDURES FOR TESTING. (OBVIOUSLY HAD NEVER READ THE OPERATOR’S MANUAL. ) • OPERATOR NEVER TESTED THE LIDAR AGAINST A KNOWN SPEED • HAD NO KNOWLEDGE OF TECHNICIAN CERTIFICATION FOR LIDAR • OFFICER OFFERED NO TESTIMONY REGARDING HIS ABILITY TO ESTIMATE SPEED AND DISTANCE • TRACKING HISTORY OF THE SUSPECT’S VEHICLE WAS LACKING PROPER TESTIMONY. TARGET WAS “FASTER THAN THE OTHER VEHICLES. ”

BASIC INFORMATION

ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM FROM LONGEST TO SHORTEST WAVE • INFRARED- VERY CLOSE TO VISIBLE LIGHT, HOWEVER COMMONLY INVISIBLE TO THE HUMAN EYE • RED- STARTING POINT OF VISIBLE LIGHT (AT APPROXIMATELY 750 NM) • TRUE RED- 680 NM

ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM ORANGE YELLOW GREEN BLUE VIOLET- ENDING POINT OF VISIBLE LIGHT (AT APPROXIMATELY 400 NM) • ULTRAVIOLET- THIS SHORT-WAVE COMMONLY RESULTS IN SUNBURN • • •

THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM VISIBLE LIGHT POWER LINES AM TV RADIO MICROWAVES INFRARED ULTRA VIOLET FREQUENCY IN CYCLES PER SECOND FREQUENCY INCREASES WAVELENGTHS DECREASE CURRENT INFRARED POLICE SPEED LASERS X-BAND RADAR Ka-BAND RADAR (10. 525 GHz) (24. 150 GHz) (33. 4 – 36. 0 GHz) X-RAYS GAMMA RAYS

LASER VS. RADAR FREQUENCY Band Frequency Wave length X 10. 525 GHz 1. 10 inches K 24. 150 GHz. 488 inches Ka 33. 4 to 36. 0 GHz. 344 inches Laser 330 THz >28, 000/inch 13, 000 Higher than K-band (330, 000, 000)

PROPERTIES OF LIGHT • LIGHT WILL TRAVEL FOREVER UNLESS; – REFLECTED – LIGHT BOUNCING OFF OBJECTS – (THIS IS HOW WE SEE THINGS)

PROPERTIES OF LIGHT • LIGHT WILL TRAVEL FOREVER UNLESS; – REFRACTED – LIGHT PASSING THROUGH A MEDIUM AND CHANGING DIRECTION

PROPERTIES OF LIGHT • LIGHT WILL TRAVEL FOREVER UNLESS; – ABSORBED – LIGHT ENERGY INTERCEPTED BY A MEDIUM SUCH AS MOISTURE.

PROPERTIES OF LIGHT (NATURAL) • REFERRED TO AS WHITE LIGHT • USES ENTIRE PORTION OF THE VISIBLE SPECTRUM AND SOME OF THE NON VISIBLE. • THE LIGHT IS VERY UNCONTROLLED AND TENDS TO SCATTER.

LASER PROPERTIES • THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RADAR AND LASER IS THE WAVELENGTH AND FREQUENCY OF TRANSMISSION • RADAR IS MEASURED BY ITS FREQUENCY IN GIGAHERTZ • LASER IS MEASURED BY ITS WAVELENGTH IN NANOMETERS

LASER PROPERTIES • LASER OPERATES AT A MUCH HIGHER FREQUENCY THAN RADAR OR MICROWAVE • LASER LIGHT HAS LIMITED DIVERGENCE OR SPREADS VERY SLOWLY • LASER LIGHT OCCUPIES ONLY A VERY SMALL OR NARROW PORTION OF THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM • HIGH INTENSITY- INTENSITY CAN REFER TO EITHER HEAT AND/OR BRIGHTNESS

LASER PROPERTIES • LASER LIGHT DOES NOT OCCUR NATURALLY, IT IS COMPLETELY MANMADE. • DIVERGENCE IS LESS THAN OTHER SOURCES. • THIS ALLOWS A VERY NARROW BEAM TO BE PRODUCED. • THIS SINGLE LIGHT IS CALLED A MONOCHROMATIC LIGHT SOURCE,

SCIENTIFIC PROPERTIES OF LASERS • COHERENT – REFERS TO THE SYNCHRONIZED PHASE OF THE LIGHT WAVES • COLLIMATED – REFERS TO THE PARALLEL NATURE OF THE LASER BEAM AND SPREADS SLOWLY AS IT PROPAGATES • MONOCHROMATIC – REFERS TO THE SINGLE (WAVELENGTH) COLOR OF A LASER BEAM.

PROPERTIES OF SPEED LASERS • USES GALLIUM ARSENIDE DIODES – 904 nm WAVELENGTH. • TRANSMITS A BEAM FOR A SHORT INTERVAL OF TIME – LASER PULSE. • THE TIME OF A LASER PULSE – EXPRESSED IN NANO-SECONDS (ns). (ONE BILLIONTH OF A SECOND)

HOW LASERS MEASURE DISTANCE AND SPEED • THE SPEED OF A LASER PULSE IS A CONSTANT (SPEED OF LIGHT). • THE LASER PULSE WILL TRAVEL FROM THE LASER – REFLECT OFF A TARGET – AND RETURN TO THE LASER. (AT THE SPEED OF LIGHT) • IF WE TIME HOW LONG THIS TAKES, WE WILL HAVE THE TOTAL TIME IT TOOK THE PULSE TO TRAVEL. • KNOWING THE TIME THE PULSE TRAVELED WE CAN DETERMINE THE DISTANCE

HOW LASERS MEASURE DISTANCE AND SPEED • THE BASIC FORMULA FOR A TIME/DISTANCE CALCULATIONS IS: SPEED = DISTANCE / TIME • THROUGH ALGEBRA WE CAN CHANGE THIS FORMULA TO FIND A DISTANCE IF TIME AND SPEED IS KNOWN. DISTANCE = SPEED x TIME

HOW DOES IT WORK?

HOW DOES THE LASER GENERATE LIGHT? • DEVICE USED TO PRODUCE LASER LIGHT IS AN OPTICAL RESONATOR. • GALLIUM ARSENIDE LASING MATERIAL PLACED BETWEEN TWO MIRRORS. • TWO MIRRORS, ONE IS HIGHLY REFLECTIVE, THE OTHER IS LESS REFLECTIVE. • MIRRORS ARE POSITIONED AT A PRECISE DISTANCE.

GENERATING LIGHT INTRODUCED INTO OPTICAL RESONATOR. ATOMS OF LASING MATERIAL ARE EXCITED. ATOMS STORE ENERGY IS RELEASED BY CAUSING LIGHT WAVE TO REACT WITH LASING MEDIUM. • LIGHT BOUNCES BACK AND FORTH BETWEEN THE MIRRORS. • •

GENERATING LIGHT • STRENGTH OF LIGHT IS INCREASED AS IT PASSES BACK THROUGH THE LIGHT SOURCE. • WHEN POWER REACHES A PEAK, THE LESS REFLECTIVE MIRROR ALLOWS A PULSE TO ESCAPE. • NARROW PULSE OF LIGHT EMITTED ALLOWING FOR VERY ACCURATE TARGETING.

GENERATING LIGHT • LASER DIODE SWITCHES ON AND OFF IN BILLIONTHS OF A SECOND, ALLOWING SERIES OF INFRARED LIGHT PULSES TO BE EMITTED AT EXACT INTERVALS. • DUE TO PRECISE FREQUENCY OF LASER LIGHT, IT CAN BE USED DURING DAYLIGHT. (MONOCHROMATIC LIGHT) • DEVICE ONLY READS AND INTERPRETS SPECIFIC FREQUENCY OF THE LIGHT ORIGINALLY TRANSMITTED. • LIGHT IS IN THE INFRARED ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM, IT IS INVISIBLE TO THE HUMAN EYE.

OPTICAL RESONATOR LASING MEDIUM Gallium Arsenide 2/10, 000 ths inch 8/1, 000 ths inch Laser Pulse is optically collimated to lens size. Less Refl ectiv Mor e Mi rror e Re flect ive M Laser Pulse released thru less reflective mirror when power peaks. irror Power from firing circuit board

LAZING MEDIUM BEFORE POWER NO POWER LAZING MEDIUM MIRRORS

LAZING MEDIUM AFTER POWER SUPPLY ON LAZING MEDIUM MIRRORS

LAZING MEDIUM AFTER POWER SUPPLY ON LASER LIGHT IS TRANSMITTED IN A COLLIMATED BEAM MIRRORS

LASER IN SPEED MEASUREMENT OFF LAZING MEDIUM ON OFF TO TARGET RETURN MIRRORS FLIGHT TIME TO TARGET AND BACK IS DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL TO DISTANCE TO TARGET. 1/2 OF TOF WILL GIVE US DISTANCE TO THE TARGET.

LASER IN SPEED MEASUREMENT ( 7 MILLISECONDS APART ) OFF ON LAZING MEDIUM KNOWN TIME BETWEEN EACH PULSE = T CHANGE IN TARGET DISTANCE BETWEEN FIRST AND SECOND PULSE = D MIRRORS VELOCITY = D/T

CHANGE IN DISTANCE SPEED = --------------------TIMING BETWEEN PULSES ( 7 milliseconds ) CHANGE IN DISTANCE

PULSE DATA INTEGRITY CHECK 80 % RECOGNIZABLE IF FOR ANY REASON A PULSE IS NOT RECOGNIZABLE IT WILL BE IGNORED

PULSE DATA INTEGRITY CHECK 80 % RECOGNIZABLE THESE PULSES MUST REMAIN RECOGNIZABLE DURING THE INTEGRITY CHECKS, IF NOT THEY WILL BE IGNORED

PULSE DATA INTEGRITY CHECK 80 % RECOGNIZABLE IF THESE PULSES ARE NOT RECOGNIZED, THEY TOO WILL BE IGNORED

HOW A LASER WORKS LENSES RECEIVIN G SENDIN

HOW A LASER WORKS • THE SENDING LENS- UTILIZES MULTIPLE SEPARATE LASER BEAMS THAT ARE PUSHED INTO ONE THROUGH THE LENS • THE MULTIPLE BEAMS ARE ACTUALLY A CLASS III LASER UNTIL THEY FORM ONE BEAM AND BECOME A CLASS I LASER

HOW A LASER WORKS • TWO LENS SYSTEM- ONE SENDS THE PULSES AND ONE RECEIVES THE PULSES • LASER UTILIZES TWO LAWS OF PHYSICS: • SPEED OF LIGHT • TIME-DISTANCE FORMULA (SPEED= DISTANCE/TIME)

PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION PULSE PRINCIPLE o THE LASER BEAM IS PULSATED AT A CONSTANT REPETITION: o o APPLIED CONCEPTS, INC. KUSTOM SIGNALS, INC. LASER ATLANTA, LLC LASER TECHNOLOGY, INC. 130 PPS 200 & 238 PPS 120 & 180 PPS o RELATIVE RATE OF PULSE IS CALCULATED AS SPEED DIVIDED BY TIME: o 238 PPS = 4. 2016 MILLISECONDS PER PULSE o 130 PPS = 7. 6923 MILLISECONDS PER PULSE o 120 PPS = 8. 3333 MILLISECONDS PER PULSE o TIME-DISTANCE FORMULAS DETERMINE SPEED o DISTANCE VARIES WITH EACH PULSE o TIME BETWEEN PULSES REMAINS CONSTANT

SPEED OF LIGHT THE ACTUAL SPEED OF LIGHT EQUALS 186, 282. 4 MILES PER SECOND • TO CONVERT FROM MILES PER SECOND TO FEET PER SECOND 186, 282 MILES PER SECOND X 5, 280 (FEET IN A MILE) 983, 586, 960 FEET PER SECOND

HOW LASERS MEASURE DISTANCE AND SPEED • 983, 568, 960 IS THE SAME AS. 983568960 BILLION (ALMOST 1 BILLION) • WE CAN THEN SAY LIGHT TRAVELS 1 BILLION FEET PER SECOND • THEREFORE LIGHT TRAVELS; 1 FOOT EVERY 1 BILLIONTH OF A SECOND OR 1 FOOT EVERY NANO-SECOND

HOW LASERS MEASURE DISTANCE AND SPEED • THE SPEED OF A LASER PULSE IS A CONSTANT (SPEED OF LIGHT). • THE LASER PULSE WILL TRAVEL FROM THE LASER – REFLECT OFF A TARGET – AND RETURN TO THE LASER. (AT THE SPEED OF LIGHT) • IF WE TIME HOW LONG THIS TAKES, WE WILL HAVE THE TOTAL TIME IT TOOK THE PULSE TO TRAVEL. • KNOWING THE TIME THE PULSE TRAVELED WE CAN DETERMINE THE DISTANCE

HOW LASERS MEASURE DISTANCE AND SPEED • SPEED LASERS TAKE SEVERAL DISTANCE READINGS OVER AN INTERVAL OF TIME. • A TARGET WITH RELATIVE MOTION WILL PROVIDE THE LASER WITH A NEW DISTANCE ON EACH PULSE. *B

HOW LASERS MEASURE DISTANCE AND SPEED • RECALL THE BASIC FORMULA FOR A TIME/DISTANCE CALCULATIONS IS: SPEED = DISTANCE / TIME • THROUGH ALGEBRA WE CAN CHANGE THIS FORMULA TO FIND A DISTANCE IF TIME AND SPEED IS KNOWN. DISTANCE = SPEED x TIME

TIME OF FLIGHT • LASERS USE DISTANCE CHANGE OVER TIME. • SINCE THE DISTANCE TO A TARGET IS ALSO A RESULT OF TIMING, THE PROCESS IN LASERS IS CALLED THE TIME OF FLIGHT

TIME OF FLIGHT USING A TIME BASED LASER • LIGHT TRAVELS 1 FOOT EVERY BILLIONTH OF A SECOND. • LASERS DETERMINE ALL DISTANCES AND CHANGES IN DISTANCE BY THE TIME OF FLIGHT OF THE LASER PULSE • THIS IS CALLED THE TIME OF FLIGHT METHOD OF CALCULATING SPEEDS

HOW LASERS MEASURE DISTANCE AND SPEED THE LASER PULSE TRAVELS TO THE TARGET IN 125 NANO SECONDS THE LASER PULSE TRAVELS BACK TO THE LASER IN 125 NANO SECONDS THE ROUND TRIP TIME IS 250 NANO SECONDS

HOW LASERS MEASURE DISTANCE AND SPEED THE LASER DIVIDES 250 NANO SECONDS IN HALF TO FIND THE TIME IT TOOK THE PULSE TO REACH THE TARGET 250 / 2 = 125 NANO SECONDS THE LASER READS THIS AS 125 FEET THE DISTANCE TO THE TARGET IS 125 FEET!

TIME OF FLIGHT • LASERS DO NOT MEASURE SPEED. • LASERS MEASURE TIME OF FLIGHT (TOF) OF EACH PULSE. • 1/2 OF TOF WILL GIVE US DISTANCE TO THE TARGET. • PRO LASER III SENDS OUT 200 PULSES/SECOND. • TRUSPEED SENDS OUT 200 PULSES/SECOND.

TIME OF FLIGHT • IF RETURNED TIMES ARE THE SAME, TARGET IS NOT MOVING. • IF RETURNED TIMES ARE GETTING SHORTER, THE TARGET IS MOVING TOWARD LASER. • IF RETURNED TIMES ARE GETTING LONGER, THE TARGET IS MOVING AWAY FROM LASER. • LASER WILL COMPARE EACH DISTANCE AND LOOK FOR A CHANGE. Pulse 1 Pulse 2 Travelled distance

TIME OF FLIGHT • KNOWING THE DISTANCE MOVED, THE LIDAR WILL CALCULATE AN AVERAGE SPEED FOR THE TARGET (FOR EACH 5 MILLISECONDS). • PROLASER III NEEDS MINIMUM OF 70 PULSES AND DISTANCE MUST BE NEARLY THE SAME. • MANUFACTURES USE “ERROR TRAPPING” SOFTWARE TO LOOK FOR LARGE VARIATIONS IN RETURN DATA.

SPEED DETERMINATION STEP 1 -DETERMINE FIRST POSITION OF TARGET • LASER PULSE TRAVELS FROM LASER TO TARGET AND IS REFLECTED. IT THEN RETURNS TO THE LASER • THE LASER CALCULATES THE TIME THE PULSE IS GONE IN NANOSECONDS • THAT TIME IS THEN DIVIDED BY 2 (HALF) • SINCE 1 NANOSECOND=1 FOOT, THE RESULT IS THE DISTANCE TO THE TARGET

SPEED DETERMINATION STEP 2 - DETERMINE SECOND POSITION OF TARGET • PREVIOUS PROCESS IS REPEATED AFTER A KNOWN PERIOD OF TIME • EXAMPLE: – – – 1 ST PULSE TRAVELS 960 NS (ROUNDTRIP) 960 DIVIDED BY 2=480; THIS IS D 1 2 ND PULSE TRAVELS 916 NS (ROUNDTRIP) 916 DIVIDED BY 2=458; THIS IS D 2 ELAPSED TIME (ET)=1/3 SECOND

SPEED DETERMINATION STEP 3 - DETERMINE THE SPEED OF THE TARGET A TIME-DISTANCE CALCULATION IS MADE S= (d 1 -d 2)/ET S=(480 -458)/. 33 S= 22/. 33 S= 66 (feet per second) S= 66/1. 4666 S= 45 Miles Per Hour

SPEED DETERMINATION • ONCE WE KNOW THE DISTANCE, THE SPEED CAN BE CALCULATED • A PLUS SIGN (+) INDICATES A TARGET COMING TOWARDS YOU AND A NEGATIVE SIGN (-) INDICATES MOVING AWAY

SPEED DETERMINATION • PULSE WIDTH- START OF ONE PULSE TO THE END OF ONE PULSE • NOT ACTUAL WIDTH, MEASURED FRONT TO REAR • PULSE REPETITION RATE- THE NUMBER OF PULSES PER SECOND VARIES WITH EACH LASER • USUALLY 125 TO 400 • PULSES TRAVEL IN “TRAINS” OF ABOUT 5 AT A TIME FOLLOWED BY A SPACE OF TIME

BEAM WIDTH LIDAR VS. RADAR X - BAND (18*) * = DEGREES K - BAND (12*) LIDAR (. 17*) Approx.

BEAM WIDTH LIDAR VS RADAR 210 feet (K & Ka Radar) RADAR 3 feet LIDAR *B 1000 feet

BEAM WIDTH FORMULA – PRO III & STALKER LR BW = 2 X DISTANCE X [(Beam Diameter X. 5)tangent] BW = 2 X 1000 X [(. 172(Pro Laser III) X. 5) Tangent] BW = 2 X 1000 X [(. 086) Tangent] BW = 2 X 1000 X [. 001500984] BW = 2000 X. 001500984 BW = 3. 00197 ft. (SQ) at 1000 ft.

BEAM WIDTH FORMULA – PRO III & STALKER LR AT 1000 FEET THE BEAM IS 3. 001 FEET, AND SINCE THE BEAM IS SQUARE, IT’S 3. 001 X 3. 001 FEET!!!

BEAM WIDTH FORMULA PRO III & STALKER LR BEAM FORMULA FOR THE KUSTOM PRO III: . 00300197 X DISTANCE = BEAM WIDTH

BEAM WIDTH FORMULA – TRUSPEED BW = 2 X DISTANCE X [(Beam Diameter X. 5)tangent] BW = 2 X 1000 X [(. 143(TRUSPEED) X. 5) Tangent] BW = 2 X 1000 X [(. . 0715) Tangent] BW = 2 X 1000 X [. 001247911] BW = 2000 X. 001247911 BW = 2. 49582 ft. (SQ) at 1000 ft.

BEAM WIDTH FORMULA TRUSPEED AT 1000 FEET THE BEAM IS 2. 495 FEET, AND SINCE THE BEAM IS SQUARE, IT’S 2. 495 X 2. 495 FEET!!!

BEAM WIDTH FORMULA TRUSPEED BEAM FORMULA FOR THE LTI TRUSPEED: . 00249582 X DISTANCE = BEAM WIDTH

BEAM WIDTH FORMULA: LTI - ULTRALYTE PRODUCTS BW = 2 X DISTANCE X [(Beam Diameter X. 5)tangent] BW = 2 X 1000 X [(. 17(ULTRALYTE) X. 5) Tangent] BW = 2 X 1000 X [(. 085) Tangent] BW = 2 X 1000 X [. 00148353] BW = 2000 X. 000148353 BW = 2. 967 ft. (SQ) at 1000 ft. *B

BEAM WIDTH FORMULA: LTI - ULTRALYTE PRODUCTS AT 1000 FEET THE BEAM IS 2. 967 FEET, AND SINCE THE BEAM IS SQUARE, IT’S 2. 967 X 2. 967 FEET!!! *B

BEAM WIDTH FORMULA: LTI - ULTRALYTE PRODUCTS BEAM FORMULA FOR THE LTI ULTRALYTE: . 00296706 X DISTANCE = BEAM WIDTH *B

BEAM REFLECTION • 90% MUST BE PLUS OR MINUS ONE MILE PER HOUR. (AVERAGE OF LEAST SQUARES) • LASER LIGHT IS MORE PRONE TO REFRACTION: – OPERATING THROUGH THE FRONT WINDSHIELD SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCES THE EFFECTIVE RANGE. – OPERATING OUT THE DRIVER WINDOW WITH THE GLASS DOWN INCREASES THE RANGE.

BEAM REFLECTION • KUSTOM SIGNALS PRO III SENDS OUT 200 PULSES/SECOND. • MINIMUM OF 70 PULSES MUST BE RETURNED BEFORE A SPEED IS DISPLAYED. • UPDATES ARE IN SERIES OF 10 PULSES WITH A MINIMUM OF 4 SERIES EACH SECOND.

LEAST SQUARES RULE STATES THAT 90 % OF THE RETURNED SIGNAL MUST BE WITHIN +/- 1 MPH. (THE LIDAR LOOKS FOR CONSISTENT CHANGE IN DISTANCE BETWEEN PULSES. ) THIS ENSURES AN ACCURATE READING.

AVERAGE OF LEAST SQUARES D I S T A N C E TIME

AVERAGE OF LEAST SQUARES D I S T A N C E TIME

AVERAGE OF LEAST SQUARES D I S T A N C E TIME

Average of Least Squares Distance Error Distance 1 & Pulse Interval Distance 2 & Pulse Interval Distance 3 & Pulse Interval Distance 4 & Pulse Interval Distance 5 & Pulse Interval Time *B

Average of Least Squares Distance Speed 65 m. p. h. Distance 1 & Pulse Interval Distance 2 & Pulse Interval Distance 3 & Pulse Interval Distance 4 & Pulse Interval Distance 5 & Pulse Interval Time *B

“THE BEAM” • LASER BEAM REFLECTS VERY EASILY. • REFLECTING PROPERTIES OF VEHICLES ARE VARIOUS, IN THAT THE SLOPE OF THE HOOD AND THE WINDSHIELD MAY NOT REFLECT THE BEAM BACK TO THE ANTENNA. • HORIZONTAL SURFACES REFLECT VERTICAL, VERTICAL SURFACES REFLECT HORIZONTAL. • BEAM SHOULD BE AIMED LOW AT THE GRILL AND THE LICENSE PLATE AREA. • THIS TECHNIQUE WILL DEFEAT LASER DETECTORS.

“THE BEAM” • LIDAR BEAMS INTERACT WITH THE ENVIRONMENT MUCH DIFFERENT THAN A RADAR BEAM • RADAR BEAMS CAN BE ABSORBED, REFRACTED, OR GO AROUND OBJECTS • LIDAR BEAMS WILL REFLECT VERY EASILY OFF ALMOST ANY OBJECT • WATCH FOR TREES, SIGNS AND OBSTACLES

SIGHTING SYSTEMS • LTI, KUSTOM, AND APPLIED CONCEPTS ALL USE A HEADS-UP-DISPLAY (HUD) WHICH ALLOWS THE OPERATOR TO KEEP BOTH EYES OPEN. • THIS ALLOWS THE OPERATOR TO MAKE A VISUAL SPEED ESTIMATE FIRST, AND ALSO ASSIST THE OPERATOR ESTABLISH A BETTER TRACKING HISTORY. • THE HUD DISPLAYS THE SPEED WHICH ALLOWS THE OPERATOR CONTINUED USE WITHOUT HAVING TO LOOK DOWN TO VERIFY THE SPEED READING.

SIGHTING SYSTEMS • WITH THE SCOPE SYSTEM, THE OPERATOR LOSES PERIPHERAL VISION WHICH CAN BE AN OFFICER SAFETY ISSUE. • WITH THE SCOPE SYSTEM, LOOKING THROUGH THE SCOPE MAY MAGNIFY THE VEHICLE. WHEN LOOKING AT A MAGNIFIED OBJECT, IT IS MORE DIFFICULT TO ESTIMATE SPEED • THE OPERATOR ALSO LOSES DEPTH OF FIELD AND FIELD OF VIEW WHICH CAN LEAD TO LOSS OF TRACKING HISTORY AND TARGET ID.

TARGET CHARACTERISTICS SIZE, SHAPE, COLOR, FINISH OF TARGET VEHICLE. WILL NOT EFFECT THE ACCURACY. WILL EFFECT THE DISTANCE (RANGE). DARK COLORS AND DULL OR DIRTY FINISHES WILL ABSORB MORE OF THE LASER ENERGY. • LIGHT COLORS AND CLEAN, SHINY FINISHES WILL REFLECT MORE OF THE LASER ENERGY. • •

LIDAR’S ACCURACY LIDAR IS ACCURATE TO +/- 1 MPH. REMEMBER THIS DOES NOT MEAN THAT IF THE VIOLATOR IS CLOCKED BY LIDAR GOING 66 MPH THAT THE VEHICLES’ TRUE SPEED COULD HAVE BEEN 65 MPH. THIS MEANS THAT THE SPEED COULD HAVE BEEN UP TO 66. 99 MPH AND THE LIDAR UNIT ROUNDS THE SPEED DOWN TO 66 MPH.

LIDAR TRACKING HISTORY • VISUALLY OBSERVE TARGET VEHICLE IS OVER POSTED SPEED LIMIT OR FASTER THAN THE FLOW OF TRAFFIC. • PLACE AIMING RETICLE ON TARGET AND OBTAIN LOCKING TONE (TONE MAY VARY FROM MANUFACTURE TO MANUFACTURE. • OBTAIN SPEED READING WITH THE LIDAR AND COMPARE THIS WITH YOUR VISUAL ESTIMATE. TRY TO OBTAIN A 2 -4 SECOND CLOCK ON CONTINUOUS CLOCKING UNITS AND MULTIPLE CLOCKS ON SINGLE CLOCK UNITS.

POTENTIAL EFFECTS

SWEEP EFFECT SMALL JUMPS IN AIMING AT TARGET MAY CAUSE THE LASER TO ACCEPT INCORRECT RANGING AND THUS INCORRECT SPEED. A COMPLETE TRACKING HISTORY OVER 2 -4 SECONDS WILL INDICATE MULTIPLE SPEED READINGS AND ELIMINATE THE POSSIBILITY OF THE SWEEP EFFECT. SOME UNITS MAY ALERT THE OPERATOR THAT THIS EFFECT IS OCCURRING.

COSINE AFFECT AN ANGLE BETWEEN THE LIDAR AND THE TRUE DIRECTION OF THE VEHICLE WILL PRODUCE A SPEED READING WHICH WILL BE LOWER THAN THE TRUE VELOCITY OF THE VEHICLE. AS WITH STATIONARY RADAR THIS AFFECT IS ALWAYS IN FAVOR OF THE DRIVER.

RFI DUE TO THE INHERENT PROPERTIES OF LIDAR, LASER LIGHT IS NOT AFFECTED BY RFI.

REFLECTION INFLUENCES (EFFECT) • ONLY A THEORY - NOT A VALID INFLUENCE. • ON HOT DAYS, HEAT WILL APPEAR TO RISE FROM THE ROADWAY. • IF LIDAR IS AIMED LOW AT THIS REFLECTION, THE LASER BEAM MAY REFLECT OFF THE MIRAGE, TO THE TARGET, AND BACK TO THE LIDAR.

REFLECTION INFLUENCES (EFFECT) • SINCE THIS IS NOT A DIRECT PATH TO AND FROM THE LIDAR, THE DISTANCE WOULD NOT BE CORRECT. • IF ENOUGH PULSES TAKE THIS PATH, IT MAY PROVIDE ENOUGH INFORMATION TO CALCULATE A SPEED. • IF A GOOD TRACKING HISTORY IS USED, ALONG WITH MULTIPLE SPEED READINGS, THE OPERATOR WOULD SEE A CHANGE IN SPEED.

REFLECTION INFLUENCES (EFFECT) • THE OPERATOR WOULD OBSERVE THESE CHANGES IN SPEEDS, REALIZE THERE IS A PROBLEM, AND WOULD IGNORE THE SPEED.

ERROR TRAPS • ERROR TRAPS ELIMINATE HAND-MOTION, SHAKE, MOVEMENT CAUSED BY THE WIND, WHEN USED OUTDOORS AND JUMPS IN TARGET RANGE WHEN LASER IS MOVED OVER THE TARGET VEHICLE. • ERROR TRAPS CAN ALSO DETECT WHEN THE OPERATOR HAS MOVED FROM ONE TARGET TO ANOTHER. • ERROR TRAPS HELP ELIMINATE ANY FALSE OR INCORRECT SPEED READINGS.

WEATHER EFFECTS • WILL NOT AFFECT THE ACCURACY OF THE INSTRUMENT • MAY AFFECT THE SENSITIVITY (RANGE) • MOISTURE IN THE AIR: • FOG, RAIN, SNOW, ETC • BLOWING DUST • SUN GLARE (BLINDING EFFECT)

THINGS TO BE AWARE OF !!!

NIGHT OPERATION • ESTIMATES OF SPEEDS WILL BE CLOSER. • HALOGEN LIGHTS CONTAIN SOME IR WHICH MAY INTERFERE WITH THE ABILITY TO DETECT THE REFLECTED PULSE. (WILL NOT AFFECT ACCURACY) • PRO LASER III DOES NOT SEEM TO BE AFFECTED. • IF IT BECOMES A PROBLEM, MOVE THE AIMING POINT FROM THE HEADLIGHT AREA TO THE GRILLE AREA.

LASER DETECTORS • LASER DETECTORS WILL WORK ONLY WHEN THE LASER BEAM STRIKES THE DETECTOR. • LASER BEAM IS NARROW (3 X 3 AT 1000 FT. KUSTOM PRO III). • WHEN AIMING AT THE PLATE AREA, A DETECTOR MAY NOT GIVE ANY WARNING. • DETECTOR WILL NOT BE ABLE TO PICK UP ANY SCATTERED SIGNAL, BECAUSE LASER DOES NOT PRODUCE A SCATTERED SIGNAL.

LASER JAMMERS • JAMMERS WILL PROVIDE A STRONG LASER LIGHT WHICH IS PULSED. • THESE JAMMERS ARE USUALLY MOUNTED NEAR THE FRONT LICENSE PLATE AREA. • MOST CURRENT JAMMERS USE IR LIGHT EMITTING DIODES (LED), WHICH DON’T PRODUCE ENOUGH IR ENERGY TO INTERFERE WITH THE PRO LASER III.

LASER JAMMERS • THERE MAY BE JAMMERS THAT MAY FIRE A STRONG CLASS III (NON-EYE SAFE) LASER SIGNAL FOR 5 SECONDS. • LASER DETECTOR PICKS UP A SIGNAL, TURNS ON THE JAMMER, AND BLOCKS THE LIDAR’S ABILITY TO COLLECT DATA. • THE DRIVER WOULD HAVE TIME TO SLOW DOWN. • IF YOU CAN’T OBTAIN A SPEED READING, YOU MAY BE JAMMED, TRY MOVING THE AIMING POINT ON THE TARGET VEHICLE.

LASER BLINDER E-TREME HAS SUCCESSFULLY JAMMED ALL POLICE LIDAR • LASER BLINDER M 27 E-TREME ($474. 95) • INCLUDES A LASER WARNING SYSTEM (LWS) • AUTOMATICALLY REDUCES THE VEHICLE’S STEREO • TWO TRANSMITTERS (FRONT ONLY • LASER BLINDER M 47 E-TREME ($749. 95) • FOUR TRANSMITTERS (FRONT & REAR) • CHEETAH BLINDER M 27 E-TREME ($749. 94) • DESIGNED FOR MOTORCYCLES • EQUIPPED WITH A WIRELESS HELMET ALERT

LASER BLINDER M 27 X-TREME 2 TRANSMITTERS, $479. 95 (FRONT ONLY) LASER BLINDER M 47 X-TREME 4 TRANSMITTERS, $749. 95 (FRONT & REAR)

Laser Blinder X-TREME: SUCCESSFULLY JAMMED ALL POLICE LIDAR • LASER BLINDER M 27 X-TREME ($474. 95) • INCLUDES A LASER WARNING SYSTEM • AUTOMATICALLY REDUCES THE VEHICLE’S STEREO • TWO TRANSMITTERS (FRONT ONLY) • LASER BLINDER M 47 X-TREME ($749. 95) • FOUR TRANSMITTERS (FRONT & REAR) • CHEETAH BLINDER M 27 X-TREME ($749. 94) • DESIGNED FOR MOTORCYCLES • EQUIPPED WITH A WIRELESS HELMET ALERT

THE CHEETAH BLINDER M 27 X-TREME WITH WIRELESS HELMET ALERT LISTS FOR $749. 95.

LIDAR JAMMER DETECTION TRANSMITTERS WILL BE LOCATED IN THE GRILL AREA, ONE TRANSMITTER ON EITHER SIDE.

LASER SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS • CLASS I – SAFE TO THE EYE BASED UPON CURRENT MEDICAL KNOWLEDGE. – ALL POLICE TRAFFIC LIDAR ARE CLASS I. • CLASS II – EMITS A VISIBLE LASER BEAM. – DAZZLING TO THE EYES. (EYE WILL RAPIDLY CLOSE) – 1 MW AT. 25 SECONDS. – MOMENTARY VIEWING IS NOT CONSIDERED HAZARDOUS. – SMALL WEAPONS SIGHTING SYSTEMS AND POINTER PEN LIGHTS. • CLASS III – OUTPUT POWER OF. 5 W OR LESS. – MAY CAUSE SERIOUS EYE DAMAGE. – NOT CONSIDERED A FIRE HAZARD OR A SERIOUS SKIN HAZARD. – MOST OFTEN USED FOR COMMUNICATION PURPOSES. • CLASS IV – ALL LASERS WHICH EXCEED CLASS III CATEGORY. – FIRE HAZARD, SKIN HAZARD, OR A DIFFUSE REFLECTION HAZARD. – STRINGENT CONTROL MEASURES. – BURNING TUMORS IN THE HUMAN BODY TO CUTTING DIAMONDS.

FACTORS AFFECTING THE LASER • LASERS HAVE GREAT RANGE (> 2, 500 FEET ON AN APPROACHING TARGET) BUT REMEMBER A VISUAL ESTIMATE MUST BE DONE BEFORE CLOCKING A VEHICLE. • VEHICLES THAT HAVE A SLOPED HOOD LINE AND/OR RECESSED HEADLIGHTS MAY HAVE SHORTER TARGETING THAN A BOX SHAPED VEHICLE. • RAIN AND SNOW WILL AFFECT THE RANGE ONLY NOT THE ACCURACY.

FACTORS AFFECTING THE LASER • FIBERGLASS VERSUS METAL DOES NOT MAKE A DIFFERENCE. • DIRTY VEHICLES TEND TO REDUCE THE RANGE OF THE LASER. • COLOR DOES NOT MAKE ANY DIFFERENCE TO THE PROLASER III. (MOST SOURCES DO AGREE THAT LIGHT COLORED VEHICLES TEND TO REFLECT BETTER THAN DARK COLORS) • VEHICLES RECEDING WILL HAVE ALMOST DOUBLE THE TARGETING RANGE, BECAUSE OF RETRO-REFLECTORS MOUNTED ON THE REAR OF THE VEHICLE.

OPERATIONAL TESTS • 1) INTERNAL TEST • 2) HUD/SCOPE ALIGNMENT TEST

HUD ALIGNMENT TEST • USE POLE OR OVERHEAD WIRE (> 100 FT. ) • SLOWLY SWEEP AIMING RETICLE ACROSS TARGET • LISTEN FOR AUDIO TONE WHEN RETICLE IS ON TARGET, NO AUDIO WHEN OFF TARGET • ROTATE UNIT 90 DEGREES AND SWEEP ACROSS TARGET, LISTENING FOR TONE

OPERATIONAL TESTS • 3) EXTERNAL CALIBRATION TEST • A. RANGE TEST (DELTA DISTANCE) • B. DIFFERENTIAL DISTANCE TEST • 4) DIFFERENTIAL DISTANCE TEST. THE DISTANCES USED IN THIS TEST AND/OR THE RANGE ACCURACY TEST MUST BE MEASURED WITH A STEEL TAPE. THE DISTANCES RECEIVED IN THESE TWO TESTS MUST BE WITHIN +/- 6 INCHES.

OPERATIONAL TESTS • 4) KNOWN SPEED TEST – A) VERIFY YOUR PARTNER’S SPEED – B) VERIFY YOUR SPEED – C) VERIFY ANOTHER VEHICLE’S SPEED BY USING YOUR RADAR TO CONFIRM

LASER INFORMATION • PROLASER III THE SMALL LENS IS THE TRANSMITTER AND THE BIGGER LENS IS THE RECEIVER. LTI - THE TOP LENS IS THE TRANSMITTER, BOTTOM LENS IS THE RECEIVER. • PROLASER III HAS A 30 MINUTE SHUT DOWN TIMER. • DON’T POINT A LASER AT THE SUN WHICH CAN CAUSE DAMAGE TO THE RECEIVER WHICH WILL CAUSE SHORTENED RANGE AND POSSIBLY NO SPEED READINGS.

LASER INFORMATION • DON’T SWEEP THE LASER ACROSS AN INTENDED TARGET (REMEMBER SWEEP EFFECT). • DON’T OPERATE WITH LARGE COSINE ANGLES, OFFICERS MAY GET FRUSTRATED WITH SPEED READINGS. • DON’T VIEW THE LASER WITH BINOCULARS.

REVIEW PERFORM INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL ACCURACY TESTS SELECT AREA FOR PROPER TRACKING HISTORY SET WEATHER MODE IF NECESSARY SET RANGE IF NECESSARY SELECT TARGET AND BEGIN TRACKING WRITE SPEEDS, DISTANCES, OR TIME OF CLOCK ON TICKET • PERFORM INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL ACCURACY TESTS AT END OF SHIFT • • •

LTI ULTRALYTE DISTANCE BETWEEN CARS (DBC) • COMPUTES THE SPEED AND DISTANCE BETWEEN VEHICLES • USING THE 2 -SECOND RULE OFFICERS CAN AGGRESSIVELY ENFORCE “FOLLOWING TOO CLOSE” VIOLATIONS

QUESTIONS?