Liberalism all resources SOW and PLC Liberalism Specification

Liberalism all resources

SOW and PLC Liberalism

Specification - Liberalism: 1. 2. 3. 4. Core ideas Tensions Thinkers Key words

Core ideas and principles of liberalism and how they relate to human nature, the state, society and the economy: • individualism – the primacy of the individual in society over any group – to cover egoistical individualism and developmental individualism • freedom/liberty – the ability and right to make decisions in your own interests based on your view of human nature – to cover how liberals guarantee individual freedom, the link between freedom and individualism, that freedom is ‘under the law’ • state – it is ‘necessary’ to avoid disorder, but ‘evil’ as it has potential to remove individual liberty, thus should be limited; this is linked to the liberal view of the economy • rationalism – the belief that humans are rational creatures, capable of reason and logic – to cover how rationalism underpins an individual’s ability to define their own best interests and make their own moral choices, creating a progressive society • equality/social justice – the belief that individuals are of equal value and that they should be treated impartially and fairly by society – to cover foundational and formal equality and equality of opportunity • liberal democracy – a democracy that balances the will of the people, as shown through elections, with limited government (state) and a respect for civil liberties in society – to cover why liberals support it as well as why they are concerned about it. The differing views and tensions within liberalism: • classical liberalism − early liberals who believed that individual freedom would best be achieved with the state playing a minimal role • modern liberalism − emerged as a reaction against free-market capitalism, believing this had led to many individuals not being free. Freedom could

Thinkers: John Locke 1632 -1704) • Social contract theory – society, state and government are based on a theoretical voluntary agreement. • Limited government – that government should be limited and based on consent from below. Mary Wollstonecraft (1759– 97) • Reason – women are rational and independent beings capable of reason. • Formal equality – in order to be free, women should enjoy full civil liberties and be allowed to have a career. John Stuart Mill (1806 -73) • Harm principle – that individuals should be free to do anything except harm other individuals. • Tolerance – belief that the popularity of a view does not necessarily make it correct. John Rawls (1921 -2002) • Theory of justice – opinion that society must be just and guarantee each citizen a life worth living. • The veil of ignorance – a hypothetical scenario where individuals, agree on the type of society they want from a position where they lack knowledge of their own position in society. Betty Friedan (1921 -2006) • Legal equality – women are as capable as men and that oppressive laws and social views must be overturned. • Equal opportunity – women are being held back from their potential because of the limited number of jobs that are ‘acceptable’ for women.

Vocabulary 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Core Ideas: Foundational equality Formal equality Equality of opportunity Social contract Meritocracy Mechanistic theory Tolerance Limited government 10. Tensions: 11. Egoistical individualism 12. Developmental individualism 13. Negative freedom 14. Positive freedom 15. Laissez-faire capitalism 16. Keynesianism 17. Thinkers: 18. Harm principle 19. Minimal state 20. Enabling state

rights in society. Equality of opportunity The idea that all individuals should have equal chances in life to rise and fall. Social contract The idea that the state/society is set up with agreement from the people to respect its laws which serve to protect them. Meritocracy A society organised on the basis that success is based on ability and hard work. Mechanistic theory The idea that the state was created by ‘man’ to serve the people and act in their interests. Tolerance A willingness to respect values, customs and beliefs with which one disagrees. Limited government The role of government is limited by checks and balances, and a separation of powers because of the corrupting nature of power. 2. Differing views and tensions within liberalism Key term Definition Egoistical individualism The idea that individual freedom is associated with self-interest and self-reliance (see also atomism). Developmental individualism The idea that individual freedom is linked to human flourishing. Negative freedom The absence of external constraints in society as well as no interference in the private sphere. Positive freedom The idea that freedom is about personal fulfilment and realisation of potential. Laissez-faire capitalism An economic system, organised by the market, where goods are produced for exchange and profit, and wealth is privately owned. Keynesianism An economic system that requires government involvement to stimulate the economy to achieve full employment and price stability. Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Politics – Specification – Issue 1 – March 2017 © Pearson Education Limited 2017 70 Harm principle - The idea that individuals should be free to do anything except harm other individuals. Minimal state - The idea that the role of the state must be restricted in order to preserve individual liberty. Enabling state A larger state that helps individuals to achieve their potential and be free.

Personal Learning Checklist – Liberalism– UK Politics – Core Political Ideas Break down of topics: 1 The origins of Liberalism 2 Core ideas - Individualism 3 Core ideas – Freedom/liberty 4 Core ideas – The State – a necessary evil? 5 Core ideas - Rationalism 6 Core ideas – equality and social justice 7 Core ideas – Liberal democracy 8 Classical Liberalism 9 Modern Liberalism 10 Neo Liberalism 11 The ideas of John Locke 12 The ideas of John Stuart Mill 13 The ideas of Mary Wollstonecraft 14 The ideas of John Rawls 14 The ideas of Betty Friedan Learnt it Revised it ` Know it

How to answer 24 mark questions Exemplars Mark Scheme

Activities based on Jenkins You are going to make a series of spider diagrams, fact files and timelines. This will make a Liberalism booklet. This part of the course if very theoretical, or abstract. It involves lots of ideas and key terms that can be really hard to get you little grey matter around. Therefore we need to engage the right hemisphere of our brain as much as possible to enable us to create the connections that will mean we can understand therefore remember the ideas. Therefore you must use lots of colours and pictures. You will also need to pair up with another member of our class to play ‘The Game’ over the telephone using the key words and definitions. These will cover the content of Liberalism. We will use the same pattern to cover the other Core Ideas (Conservatism and Socialism) and Non-Core idea (Feminism). The Political Ideas section of your exam will ask you ‘To what extent do Liberals agree on…. ’. Your task is to look at what Liberals agree on and what they disagree on. The differences are usually along the lines of Classical Liberals V Modern Liberals. Therefore through the course we need to be looking for similarities and differences. All of the ideas are ‘broad churches’. This is a term we have used to describe political parties before. The term explains why you can have such different ideas within a single political party. The Conservatives have had PM who wanted to reduced the size of the state (Thatcher and the Neo-Liberals) and those who have expanded it to (Johnson and the One-Nation Conservatives). You have Labour leaders who wanted to strengthen Trade Unions, (Corbyn and Old Labour) and those who didn’t (Blair and New Labour). Therefore, it is sometimes easier to think of the political ideas as spectrums rather than boxes. E. g. Is Mr Lloyd a Good Teacher or a Bad Teacher? Bad Good at explaining things simply Talks too much In the same way there are very big differences within the Core Political ideas. At some level every one of you is a Liberal already. That is because it was a new idea that changed the UK and the UK exported that idea globally. Today Liberalism remains the dominate political, social and economic philosophy throughout the world (there are exceptions and differences, but they are exceptions and differences on a single theme). As ever, the changes that occurred in the ideas of Liberalism occurred due to historic events. In the same way that the Conservatives were the party of reduced public spending and a smaller state in December 2019, became the party of big public spending and a larger state when Covid 19 hit the UK in February 2020. Therefore, you need to be aware of he historical changes that occurred as they enable you to understand the changes in the ideas. They also make it easier to remember the abstract intellectual changes.

Origins and overview of Liberalism L. O. to develop an understanding of the origins and broad overview of the understanding of Liberalism Key words: Liberalism = Equality of opportunity = Reformation = The Enlightenment =

Instructions: 2000 1950 1900 1800 1700 1600 1500 1400 1000 0 Timeline to show the brief history of Liberalism 1. Put the three collegiate (these are the names of the periods e. g. Classical Liberalism) onto your time line. Draw big ‘{‘ shapes onto your time line to show when the different types of Liberalism dominated. 2. Put the events on your time line.

Liberalism Core Ideas

Individualism: Read p 244 – 246 Using pretty colours make a spider diagram with the following on it: Define the terms (in your own words) and draw a picture demonstrating the idea next to your definition: Egotistical individualism = Foundational equality = Developmental individualism = Formal equality = Negative freedom = Positive Freedom = Why does individualism result in greater inequality? How do Classical and Modern Liberals differ in their attitudes towards individualism?

Foundational equality = Egotistical individualism = Developmental individualism = Formal equality =

Freedom and Liberty Read p 246 – 248 Define the terms (in your own words) and draw a picture demonstrating the idea next to your definition: 1. Prerogative State (Thatcher and the Mars Bar) = 2. Absolute monarch 3. Social contract 4. Limited government 5. Laissez-faire capitalism 6. Harm principle 7. Atomistic freedom What is a Classical Liberal vision of Liberty? Negative Freedom Ideas of Lock Ideas of Mill Why did Classical Liberals criticise the Monarchical state? Why do Classical liberals want to limit the power of governments? What is a Modern Liberal vision of Liberty? Positive Freedom JS Mi Class ll is a ‘La ic t mean al Liberal e ’t s the g that he br hat a i Class p betwee dges ical L n the i b e r al Loc and t h e Mode ke Liber rn als lik e Raw ls.

The state: a necessary evil Read p 246 – 248 Define the terms (in your own words) and draw a picture demonstrating the idea next to your definition: 1. Divine right 2. Social Contract Theory 3. Representative Democracy 4. Minimal state 5. Enabling state 6. Legal equality 7. Equality of opportunity 8. Seperation of powers 9. Rule of Law 10. Tyranny of the Majoirty Classical Liberal view of the State Modern Liberal view of the State

Rationalism Read p 250 – 251 Define the terms (in your own words) and draw a picture demonstrating the idea next to your definition: 1. The Enlightenment = 2. Rationalism = 3. Intellectual imperfection = 4. Progressive society = How has the idea of rationalism has shaped Classical Liberalism? How has the idea of rationalism has shaped Modern Liberalism?

Read p 251 – 254 Equality and Social Justice Define the terms (in your own words) and draw a picture demonstrating the idea next to your definition: 1. Equality 2. Social justice 3. Foundational equality 4. Equality of opportunity 5. Civil rights act 1964 6. Voting rights act 1965 7. Welfare State 8. Beveridge Report 9. Meritocracy What do Classical Liberals think about equality and social justice? What do Modern Liberals think about equality and social justice?

Liberal Democracy Read p 254 - 255 Define the terms (in your own words) and draw a picture demonstrating the idea next to your definition: 1. Representative democracy = 2. Social contract theory = What do Classical Liberals think about democracy? What do Modern Liberals think about democracy?

Types of Liberalism and the tensions between them Complete the tasks on the slides below. There is information, videos and key words on HSYF.

Table to show the types of Liberalism – 255 – 263 Jenkins Type of Liberalism Causal events – what historical events caused the growth of this new idea? Describe this type of Liberalism Classical Liberalism Modern Liberalism Neo-Liberalism

John Locke 1632 -1704) 1. In your own words explain the two ideas laid out in the SPEC and those in the box on P 246. 2. For each explanation draw a picture that demonstrates the idea. Ideas from the SPEC: • Social contract theory – society, state and government are based on a theoretical voluntary agreement. • Limited government – that government should be limited and based on consent from below.

John Stuart Mill (1806 -73) 1. In your own words explain the two ideas laid out in the SPEC and those in the box on P 247. 2. For each explanation draw a picture that demonstrates the idea. Ideas from the SPEC: • Harm principle – that individuals should be free to do anything except harm other individuals. • Tolerance – belief that the popularity of a view does not necessarily make it correct.

John Rawls 1. In your own words explain the two ideas laid out in the SPEC and those in the box on P 254. 2. For each explanation draw a picture that demonstrates the idea. Ideas from the SPEC: • Theory of justice – opinion that society must be just and guarantee each citizen a life worth living. • The veil of ignorance – a hypothetical scenario where individuals, agree on the type of society they want from a position where they lack knowledge of their own position in society.

Betty Friedan https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=M 19 s. Od. CGq. Ck

Betty Friedan 1. In your own words explain the two ideas laid out in the SPEC and those in the box on P 253. 2. For each explanation draw a picture that demonstrates the idea. Ideas from the SPEC: • Legal equality – women are as capable as men and that oppressive laws and social views must be overturned. • Equal opportunity – women are being held back from their potential because of the limited number of jobs that are ‘acceptable’ for women.

Mary Wollstonecraft (1759– 97) 1. In your own words explain the two ideas laid out in the SPEC and those in the box on p 252. 2. For each explanation draw a picture that demonstrates the idea. Ideas from the SPEC: • Reason – women are rational and independent beings capable of reason. • Formal equality – in order to be free, women should enjoy full civil liberties and be allowed to have a career.

Table to show Liberalism differs – Complete using the table on p 263 and your knowledge of the key thinkers. Classical Liberals Human Nature The State Society The economy Modern Liberals

Why did Locke and Classical Liberals criticise the absolute monarchies and their claim to divine right? Why did Locke develop social contract theory?

Hobbes developed a philosophical abstraction. This was the ‘state of nature’. He asked how did humans behave and what was society like before we created governments. In his ‘state of nature’ he saw life as ‘nasty, brutish and short’. Everyone was out for themselves and raped, stole and killed at will. Hobbes argues that the state is a necessary evil. The state replaces the ‘state of nature’ where we are constantly at risk from others. We exchange a part of our freedom in exchange for security. The state then becomes the police force of human behaviour. For this reason Hobbes, and the Liberals who take much from his thinking see the state as essential to ensure a good society. However, it should be limited to the provision of rules and systems to ensure good behaviour and justice. Anything more than this is not legitimate in the eyes of Hobbes and the Liberals

Why are these two not equally free? Why do Modern Liberals support the concept of an Enabling State?

Questions: Why do Liberals see the state as a necessary evil? In liberal cultures Lawyers are often seen as the epitome of success. Why is this? How do Liberals differ from Anarchists? Why do these differences exist? Who is Thomas Hobbes and what was his idea of the state? How to liberals intend to limit the power of governments? Why are classical liberals opposed to popular democracy and prefer a representative form of government? Why did

Origins and overview of Liberalism L. O. to develop an understanding of the origins and broad overview of the understanding of Liberalism Key words: Liberalism = Equality of opportunity = Reformation = The Enlightenment =

Classical Liberalism 1650 s – 1850 s Instructions: 1. Put the three collegiate (these are the names of the periods e. g. Classical Liberalism) onto your time line. Draw big ‘{‘ shapes onto your time line to show when the different types of Liberalism dominated. 2. Put the events on your time line. Modern Liberalism 1850 s – 1970 s Jesus is born 0 Peasant’s Revolt 1381 Guthenburg’s Printing Press 1440 Reformation 1517 Neo-Liberalism 1980 s - present Margaret Thatcher 1979 - 1990 The Big Bang 1986 New Labour 1997 English Civil War 1649 John Financial Crash 2008 Locke and Thomas Hobbes (the English Revolution) Industrial Revolution 1750 - 1900 The American Revolution 1776 Crimean War 1854 The French Revolution 1789 Great Reform act 1832 Public Health Act 1848 Forster Education Act 1870 Welfare State 1948 Harold Wilson’s Liberal Reform 1964 - 1970

Instructions: 2000 1950 1900 1800 1700 1600 1500 1400 1000 0 Timeline to show the brief history of Liberalism 1. Put the three collegiate (these are the names of the periods e. g. Classical Liberalism) onto your time line. Draw big ‘{‘ shapes onto your time line to show when the different types of Liberalism dominated. 2. Put the events on your time line.

History of Liberalism L. O. to develop an understanding of how Liberalism emerged and changed in history.

1. Say what you see. 2. Label it. 3. What do you think this picture, made in the medieval period (1066 – 1485) shows us about attitudes towards society and politics?

Martin Luther’s critique of the Catholic Church

Theoretical Abstractions

A state of nature

https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=ej. JRhn 53 X 2 M Watch about Adam Smith and the Wealth and Poverty of Nations. Pupils to write notes.

Link sheet on Early Classical Liberalism – p 22 - 25 Wealth and Poverty of Nations Negative Liberty Adam Smith Minimal state Rationality Invisible hand of the market Laissez-faire capitalism Feminism Division of Labour Negative Liberty Transgender rights Subsidies

L 2 Liberalism and Human Nature L. O. to develop an understanding of Liberal’s ideas of human nature. Key words: Rationality = Universal = Egotistical Individualism = Say what you see in the picture. What is the story that the picture is telling us? What does this story tell us about human nature?

Link sheet: Birth of Liberalism and John Locke Negative view of human nature Positive view of human nature Liberal democracy Leviathan 15 mins Individualism Thomas Hobbes English Civil War French Revolution Liberalism Reformation Protestantism Enlightenment John Stuart Mill State of nature Martin Luther Natural rights Social contract theory Rationality Divine right of kings John Locke State of Law Property Limited government Mechanistic Theory

Human nature What are the main principles that guide humans, according to Liberals? Why are Liberals positive about human nature? Society According to Liberals what was life in human societies like before the ‘state’ was created? What does Mill think is the purpose of society? Why is debate important for Liberals? What three qualities does Mill think are universal to humans? Why can human’s shape their destiny according to Liberals? Why should societies celebrate individual liberty according to Mill and Liberals? What is property according to Locke? Why does egotistical individualism lead to harmony in human society? Why is property important to humans according to Liberals? The economy Why do Liberals support Capitalism? What is free trade? 15 mins Why do liberals support free trade? Why do liberals think that free trade will make everyone richer?

Recap on John Lock Read p 12 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Why was John Locke a revolutionary? What did Locke believe life was like in a ‘state of nature’? Why was life like this in the ‘state of nature’? What does the state and law have to do to be legitimate? Why did Locke believe a government should be limited? How would government powers be limited?

L 3 Liberalism and Society and the economy L. O. to develop an understanding of the Liberal’s ideas on human society and the economy 10 mins Why did Medieval Europeans have a negative view of Human nature? Why do Liberals have a positive view of Human nature? Key words: What is the story of the Garden of Eden? Individualism = Why according to Christians are we naturally bad? What are the main principles that guide humans, according to Liberals? Free market Capitalism = Why are Liberals positive about human nature? Why is debate important for Liberals? Why can human’s shape their destiny according to Liberals? Why does egotistical individualism lead to harmony in human society?

The state According to Locke what is the purpose of the state? How does the state facilitate individualism? According to Liberals, why was the state invented? Why do Liberals think that it is better to live under a state than in a state of nature? Objectives: 1: Why do Liberals reject the traditional, monarchical state? 2: What has to happen to make a government legitimate? Why do liberals think that people should be citizens, not subjects? 3: What does a state have to provide to ensure that its citizens would rationally accept it? 4: Why do Liberals value tolerance? What is the harm principle? Why do Liberals believe that different religious communities should be tolerated? Why do did Betty Friedan promote liberty for homosexuals (and others)? 5: What is a meritocracy? Why do Liberals support meritocracy? 6: Why is equal opportunity important for Liberals? 7: Why is the justice system important for Liberals?

Link Sheet: Objectives of the state for Liberals Divine right Monarchical state Jean Jacques Rousseau Bill of Rights 1689 English Civil War French Republic 1789 Hereditary rule Autocracy Government by consent Meritocracy Thomas Paine Social Contract US constitution 1787 Foundational equality Equality of justice Self determination Wealth and Poverty of Nations Capitalism Freedom of speech Transgender rights Harm Principle Adam Smith Market based economy Voltaire Betty Friedan Private property John Stuart Mill

L 3 Liberalism and Society and the economy L. O. to develop an understanding of the Liberal’s ideas on human society and the economy. 10 mins Say what you see. Key words: Individualism = it is the idea that you focus on your self and remain self-centred. Capitalism = is an economic system in which money is invested to make more money. It creates inequality. Free market = you can buy or sell anything with few or no restrictions. What do you think the pictures are telling us about money in our society?

The state According to Locke what is the purpose of the state? How does the state facilitate individualism? According to Liberals, why was the state invented? Why do Liberals think that it is better to live under a state than in a state of nature? Objectives: 1: Why do Liberals reject the traditional, monarchical state? 2: What has to happen to make a government legitimate? Why do liberals think that people should be citizens, not subjects? 3: What does a state have to provide to ensure that its citizens would rationally accept it? 4: Why do Liberals value tolerance? What is the harm principle? Why do Liberals believe that different religious communities should be tolerated? Why do did Betty Friedan promote liberty for homosexuals (and others)? 5: What is a meritocracy? Why do Liberals support meritocracy? 6: Why is equal opportunity important for Liberals? 7: Why is the justice system important for Liberals?

Why did Medieval Europeans have a negative view of Human nature? Why do Liberals have a positive view of Human nature? What is the story of the Garden of Eden? What are the main principles that guide humans, according to Liberals? Why according to Christians are we naturally bad? Why are Liberals positive about human nature? Why is debate important for Liberals? Why can human’s shape their destiny according to Liberals? Why does egotistical individualism lead to harmony in human society?

L 5 Early Classical Liberalism L. O. to develop an understanding of the ideas of early Classical liberalism. KW: Subsidies = when the government gives money to companies to keep them in the country or to make an unprofitable business, profitable. E. g. The Nissan factory in Sunderland, milk. Negative Liberty = freedom when people are left alone, it is the absence of interference. Laissez-faire = leaving the economy to take its own course free of interference from the government. Mr Mc. Evoy – ‘We reject the tyranny of reason’ – Why do we love Mc. KKers?

Revolutionary Potential Negative Liberty Minimal state Laissez-Faire Capitalism Why was the idea that leaders are representatives, not masters, a radical idea? What is negative liberty? Why should governments be ‘minimal’ according to Liberals? Why do Liberals support Laissez-faire capitalism? Why did 1689 mark the beginning of Liberalism’s realisation in reality? Why did Liberalism lead to the birth of Feminism? Why do Liberals reject tarrifs? Why do Liberals reject state subsidies for industires?

https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=ej. JRhn 53 X 2 M Watch about Adam Smith and the Wealth and Poverty of Nations. Pupils to write notes.

Link sheet on Early Classical Liberalism – p 22 - 25 Wealth and Poverty of Nations Negative Liberty Adam Smith Minimal state Rationality Invisible hand of the market Laissez-faire capitalism Feminism Division of Labour Negative Liberty Transgender rights Subsidies

L 6 – Later Classical Liberalism L. O. to develop an understanding of the developments and changes in Liberalism. Key words: Industrial revolution = Utilitarianism = Mr Mc. Evoy – ‘We reject the tyranny of reason’ – Why do we agree with Mc. KKers?

How would Liberal ideas of freedom, the state, human nature and the economy change during the industrial revolution?

Industrial revolution – how did Britain change? Britain in the 1650 s Britain in the 1850 s

The minimum wage is contrary to the ideals of Liberalism. Agree: Classical liberals support a Free Market approach. Classical liberals support a minimum state Classical liberals support the idea that Human Nature is inherently good and postivie. This means that people will not take advantage and hurt each other. Negative Liberty – people should be free to determine their own destiny free of state intervention The liberals think that rationality commands human interactions. This guiding principle means that actions can and do benefit all equally. E. g. An individual can make a company that makes themselves rich and pays for workers. Humans would reject wages that were too low as they would be irrational. Lassaiz-Faire capitalism this is when companies are free to do as they please unconstrained by governmental intervention. This makes the economy self managing and efficient.

The minimum wage is contrary to the ideals of Liberalism. Modern Liberals believe in some state intervention to protect workers. They want to create a state which helps individauls tto help themselves. This stems from their ideas of positive Liberty. This is the idea that the state needs to ensure social justice for its people if they are to realise the dream of meritocracy. Green, Hobhouse and Hobson argue that individuals are NOT autonomous in industrial societies. This means that the state has to intervene to enable individuals to realise thei potential. This means a mimum wage enables humans to provide all they need to achieve all that they can. Liberals like Rawls support collectivism this is the idea the state pools societies ressoruces and provides equal opportunities to all. E. g. free education, a minimum wage

L 8 Liberal Thinkers L. O. to develop an understanding of the ideas of the Key Liberal thinkers. The minimum wage is contrary to the ideals of Liberalism. Summarise what the Liberals think about the following with your neighbour: 1. 2. 3. 4. Human nature The state The economy Society

John Stuart Mill What are Mill’s ideas in ‘On Liberty’? What two categories did Mill use to divide up human actions? How does Mill differ from Classical Liberals on the ideas of ‘natural rights’? What was Mill’s idea of ‘developmental individualism’? Why was Mill worried about the creation of a democracy based on the ‘tyranny of the majority?

John Rawls What is the idea of ‘foundational equality’? How does Rawls believe that ‘foundational equality’ can be produced? What does Rawls think about redistribution of wealth in society? What is the ‘original position’? What is the ‘veil of ignorance’? Why does Rawls think that people would choose a society a fairer society? How do Rawl’s ideas differ from Socialism?

Betty Friedan https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=M 19 s. Od. CGq. Ck

What were the ideas in the Feminist Mystique: Betty Friedan What was Friedan’s critique of American Society? What did Freidan argue caused women’s subjugation? What is cultural conditioning? What was Friedan’s opinion on violence or illegal forms of protest? How does Friedan differ from more radical feminists?

John Stuart Mill https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=_w. F 2 a. IQM 4 M 8 https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=-a 739 Vjqd. SI - Utilitarianism

Table to revise the ideas of Liberalism Individualism Classical Liberalism Modern Liberalism Freedom/liberty The state Rationalism Equality/social justice Liberal democracy