LIBERAL AND ILLIBERAL DEMOCRACY READINGS Smith Democracy chs

LIBERAL AND ILLIBERAL DEMOCRACY

READINGS • Smith, Democracy, chs. 9 -10 • Modern Latin America, ch. 4 (Central America) • CR #2: Smith, “The People’s Verdict” • NB: Optional paper due May 25

OUTLINE • Social Equity – Workers – Women – Indigenous Peoples • Illiberal Democracy – Press Freedom – Citizen Rights

Table 9 -1. Employment and Wages in Latin America, 1980 -1999 1980 1995 1999 6. 7 8. 0 7. 2 8. 8 Real Wages (1980=100) 100. 0 86. 6 92. 4 102. 9 Real Minimum Wage (1980 = 100) 100. 0 68. 4 70. 8 73. 8 Unemployment (%)

Table 9 -2. Women in Latin American Legislatures, 1990 and 2000 Country_______ Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Uruguay Venezuela ______Women (as % total)*_____ ___1990___ ___2000___ 5 27 9 12 5 6 6 11 9 12 12 19 12 16 7 15 -10 7 9 -9 12 16 19 10 8 10 4 3 6 20 6 12 10 10

Women Presidents • Generation I: Widows – Isabel Martínez de Perón (Argentina) – Violeta Barrios de Chamorro (Nicaragua) – Mireya Moscoso (Panama) • Generation II: Self-Made Politicians – Michelle Bachelet (Chile) – Laura Chinchilla (Costa Rica) – Cristina Fernández de Kirchner (Argentina) – Dilma Rousseff (Brazil)

Indigenous Peoples • • • Bolivia: Party Politics (and Evo Morales!) Ecuador: Social Movements Guatemala: Political Redemption? Peru: Silence and Sendero Luminoso Mexico: Zapatista Uprising

DETECTING ILLIBERAL DEMOCRACY

The Rise of Electoral Democracy, 1972 -2004

Journalists Killed in Latin America, 1990 -1999 Country___ Colombia Peru Mexico Brazil Haiti Argentina Guatemala Venezuela Chile Dominican Republic Honduras Paraguay Total __ N Killings__ 36 12 10 8 4 3 3 2 1 1 82 Source: Committee to Protect Journalists, Attacks on the Press in 1999 (New York: CPJ, 2000), 23.

Table 10 -2. Electoral Regimes and Freedom of the Press, 1990 s Press____ Not Free Partly Free Totals _________Regime__________ Autocracy Semi-Democracy 1 5 2 1 26 51 0 0 47 2 31 100

THE CONCEPT OF ILLIBERAL DEMOCRACY • Distinct Dimensions of Democracy: üFree and Fair Elections üCitizen Rights • Systematic Curtailment of Citizen Rights • Connection to “Delegative Democracy” (see p. 13)

CLASSIFYING CITIZEN RIGHTS (Freedom House scales for “Civil Liberties”) • FH scores of 1 -2 = Extensive • FH scores of 3 -4 = Partial • FH scores of 5 -7 = Minimal

Table 1. Democracy, Elections, and Citizen Rights: A Typology Citizen Rights Character of Elections Free and Fair Free not Fair None Expansive Liberal Democracy Liberal/Permissive Semidemocracy (Null) Limited Illiberal Democracy Illiberal/Restrictive Semidemocracy Moderate Dictablanda Minimal (Null) Repressive Semidemocracy Hard-Line Dictadura

Elections, Rights, and Political Regimes Rights and Freedoms Extensive Liberal Democracy Partial Traditional Autocracy (Dictablanda) Minimal Hard-Line Autocracy (Dictadura) Autocracy Illiberal Democracy Semi-Democracy Elections Democracy

Liberal and Illiberal Democracy, 1978 -2004

1980 -1989 Civil Liberties___ Minimal Partial Extensive Totals ________Regime__________ Autocracy Semi-Democracy 15 59 1 1 30 4 0 41 39 75 35 80

1990 -2000 Civil Liberties___ Minimal Partial Extensive Totals _________Regime_________ Autocracy Semi-Democracy 3 4 0 0 53 2 0 109 38 7 55 147

Political Regimes in 1999: Countries and Population Regime Type___ N __Countries__ % __Population__ Liberal Democracy 3 <5 Illiberal Democracy 11 60 Illiberal Semi-Democracy 5 33 Autocracy 1 2

Why Illiberal Democracy? • Protection of elite interests • Control of popular masses • Under rubric of free and fair elections

SO WHAT? CYCLES OF MASS POLITICS – Unfettered and “dangerous” democracy (e. g. , reformists + Allende) [1950 s-] – Military coups and authoritarian regimes [1960 s-] – Democracy contained [1980 s-]: • Neoliberal economics, Washington consensus • Institutional constraints (e. g. MRO) • Illiberal democracy – Rise of the “new Left” [1990 s-]

The End