LGSWE Situational reference Time reference Anaphoric reference Cataphoric

指称关系的分类（LGSWE） • Situational reference(情景) • Time reference(时间) • Anaphoric reference(前指) • Cataphoric reference(后指) • Introductory this/these

语料库研究发现(LGSWE): • Individual DD have quite different distributions across registers. • In written expository registers, this/these are more common that/those. • The singular forms are more common than the plural ones. • This/these are most common in academic prose. • That is more common in conversation than in other registers.

指示短语结果: 指示结构 美国学生 中国学生 标准频数差异 this+NP 63. 3 28. 4 -34. 9* that+NP 11. 6 11 -0. 6 these+NP 29. 8 12. 9 -16. 9* those+NP 4. 6 7. 8 3. 2 60. 1 -49. 2* 总计 109. 3

现在练习提取指示限定词: This/that/these/those

要排除: • That连词(= which is, that you did) • That引导的同位结构(that is, that is to say) • These are结构 • Those who结构

中美学生指示语标准化频数对比（万分率） Chinese this that these those *P < 0. 05 Native difference

中美学生指示语标准化频数对比（万分率） Chinese This+NP That+NP These+NP Those+NP *P < 0. 05 Native difference

Thank You!