Lexical relations Lexical and sense relations Lexical relations

Lexical relations

Lexical and sense relations • Lexical relations • (syntagmatic relations) • Sense relations (paradigmatic relations) • collocations Synonimy, Antonimy Hyponimy

The idiom principle • Users have available to them a large number of semy pre-constructed phrases (Sinclair 1991) • Linguistic theory has been “massively biased in favour of the paradigmatic rather than the syntagmatic dimesion” (Sinclair 2004, 140 -145) • In order to integrate the two dimensions, Sinclair suggests a focus on – Collocation: co-occurrence of (lexical) words – Colligation: a grouping of words based on the way they function in a syntactic structure - i. e. , a syntactic pattern • These notions are fundamental for LSP phraseology • The idiom principle is key in corpus linguistics • Sinclair, John 2004. The Lexical Item. In Trust the text. Language, corpus and discourse. London: Routledge 131 -148.

Collocation • Tendency of certain words to occur together regularly in a given language • Such words are called collocates number large amount quantity number great amount quantity

• We plan to do / carry out / conduct a survey on the use of computers. • http: //www. just-theword. com/main. pl? word=exam&mode=combi nations

• collocational range = set of collocates that usally accompany a given word • The more polysemous a words is, the broader its collocational range • Cf. table 1 ch. 2 “business”

Also monosemic words may ‘keep company’ with different collocates as a function of the language variety in which they occur Everyday language Farmhouse holiday websites little good difficult child [children] welcome -friendly

Corpora and translation • General or specialised comparable bilingual corpora allow translators to compare • Terminology • Phraseology • Textual conventions

Translation problems: interference Climb on to Get on Stand on Salire il gradino più alto del Step on to podium Medal Conquistare il gradino più alto del podio Winner’s Step on to the medal /winner’s podium …*podio delle medaglie/podio del vincitore

Translation problems: interference 1. Collocates in L 1 are not necessarily collocates in L 2 • biopsia epatica > liver biopsy [NOT Hepatic biopsy] • Pets are welcome > sono ammessi/si accettano animali

Translation problems: culture-bound collocations • Children are welcome > ?

…but • Children are welcome to play in the fields outside the hay-growing season

What can collocations do for you What translation problems can you find here? • Immersa nella splendida e rigogliosa campagna della Maremma tosco-laziale, la tenuta Saracone , un vecchio centro aziendale recentemente ristrutturato, mette a disposizione dei suoi ospiti 6 appartamenti dotati di tutti i comfort.

Maremma

In the following slides, find collocations used to talk about • • Numero di posti letto Età degli edifici (antichi) Riconversione degli edifici Descrizione degli appartamenti Contesto ambientale Attività possibili distanze

The best British farm stays http: //www. telegraph. co. uk/travel/destinations/europe/uk/10231275/The-best. British-farm-stays. html? frame=2638985 • Little Comfort Farm Cottages, Braunton, Devon • Jackie and Roger Milsom bought Little Comfort Farm in 2000 and began running it organically a year later, producing grass-fed beef, Gloucester Old Spot pork, lamb from grass-fed Lleyn sheep and some of the tastiest eggs imaginable, all available from the farm shop, along with fruit, vegetables, jams, chutneys and ready-made meals. The Milsoms also rent out five pretty stone cottages, each with its own walled garden, sleeping between two and 10 – from couples looking for seclusion (Woodlark) and families with toddlers (the Granary) to groups of friends (the Mill House). Four have wood-burning stoves, stocked with home-grown seasoned logs, making them perfect for autumn stays when the fruit trees are full to bursting and there always new jams and juices to taste. There is even a fishing lake stocked with carp, bream and brown trout. While there is plenty to see in the surrounding area, the farm is great fun to explore, with tractor rides and the chance to help feed the cows, pigs, sheep and chickens.

• Littletown Farm Guesthouse, Keswick, Lake District • Beatrix Potter is said to have visited the vicarage across the road from Littletown Farm, which then inspired the setting for The Tale of Mrs Tiggy. Winkle. The Swainson family have been farming Littletown, remote-feeling but only 4½ miles from Keswick, since 1911. In the 1970 s Maurice and Winnie Swainson began offering B&B, and today the eight-room guesthouse, forged from the original farm and milking parlour, is run by their granddaughter, Sarah, and her husband, Rob; their grandson, Martin, rears Herdwick sheep next door. With Causey Pike and Catbells on its doorstep, the guesthouse is popular with walkers, and both Sarah and Rob love cooking (she is a trained chef) so the culinary offering is excellent. Breakfast is served in an open-plan room on the ground floor, which becomes a cafe during the day in the summer and a licensed bar at night, selling local ales and an excellent collection of whiskies. Upstairs, the bedrooms are TV-free with glorious fell views.

• While it can be fun to drive deep into the countryside looking for a place to pitch your tent, we love the fact that the friendly, wellmaintained campsite at Ty Canol Farm, Neath Abbey (not to be confused with the similarly named site in Pembrokeshire that we featured in June) is five minutes off the M 4. Once there, though, you’d never know it, and this genuinely tranquil spot is perfect for a relaxing early autumn weekend. Steve and Tina Marvin have been farming hay and livestock such as rare-breed British White bulls here for nearly 30 years. A decade ago they launched a spacious camping field for up to 50 tents, with electric hook-up points for five caravans. There are pretty walks straight from the campsite, several waterfalls in the Neath Valley, the mile-long Aberavon Beach a 10 -minute drive away and Afan Forest Park, with its mountain bike trails, 15 minutes. Even the amazing beaches of the Gower are only a half-hour drive. A 24 -hour Tesco is a 10 -minute walk away.

• In rolling countryside about half an hour’s drive from the ferry port and 10 minutes from the sea, Nettlecombe Farm has been in the Morris family for more than a century. It is an excellent choice for those wanting to explore the island by car, foot or bike, or those looking for a bit of tranquillity on a working farm. Accommodation is in nine pretty cottages fashioned from milking parlours, stable blocks and other farm buildings, sleeping up to 54 between them, but even when full, you’d never know it. Families love it because it’s a safe environment for children, who are actively encouraged to meet the animals, which include chickens, geese, turkeys, pigs, goats, rabbits, two reindeer (Comet and Dancer) and the alpacas William and George; there’s even the chance to feed orphaned lambs in spring. There is also a grass play area, toddlers’ play equipment, a big Wendy house, a sports area for football and weekly yoga sessions for both children and adults, as well as three fishing lakes stocked with carp, roach and tench.

• Who wants to stay in a conventional cottage when you can stay in a canvas one? The family behind Osbaston House Farm on the edge of the National Forest have been breeding British Friesian cows for almost a century, but falling milk prices forced them to diversify in 2002 and open the Hideaway. Today, John and Sharon Earp breed the friendliest dairy goats and rare hens, keep Shetland ponies and horses and rent out six three-bedroom ‘canvas cottages’, scattered across the farm on the edge of woodland. Those seeking seclusion should book ‘Badgers’ or ‘Bluebells’. All have en-suite bathrooms with roll-top baths, proper beds and linens, comfy sofas, big dining tables, fridges and wood-burning stoves, on which Sharon will leave one of her famous stews on request. You are very welcome to help look after the hens, milk the goats and groom the Shetland ponies. There’s also a farm shop in the Old Cow Shed, selling sausages, bacon, eggs, goat’s cheese, and so on, and the brand-new children’s den – an indoor play area for rainy days.

• This beautiful farm, which dates from the 13 th century, has become a popular spot for functions and team-building breaks, but don’t let that put you off – the experience on offer is far from corporate. Eleven years ago the estate was bought by a local farming family who now keep beef cattle, Kerry Hill sheep, ponies and small a herd of 70 red deer. There are three bedrooms available on a B&B basis in the main farmhouse – a family room, a double and a twin – plus one beautiful safari-style tent, sleeping up to six people. A wellstocked farm shop offers venison, pigeon, pheasant, duck, rabbit and beautifully prepared ready meals. Activities on offer include wildlife walks, fly-fishing, clay-pigeon shooting, looking after the miniature ponies and wild swimming in the many lakes on site, one of which, intriguingly, has a floating trampoline. There’s even a logfired cedar hot tub on a lakeside jetty.

• It’s like stepping back in time at this small Welsh family farm in the spectacularly beautiful Towy Valley, where everything is done using traditional methods. Farmer Rob and his wife, Fiona, specialise in rare breeds and raise Oxford Sandy and Black pigs, Highland cattle and Cotswold sheep among others. Guests can do everything from lending a hand with feeding and mucking out, collecting eggs and taking the goats for a walk to pig-keeping courses and farmhouse pork curing. There also children’s working-farm holidays on offer, during which children help on the farm before learning how to make their own sausages. For those thinking of taking the plunge, there are smallholding experience breaks, where families can get a taste for hands-on farming. Stone barns have been converted into three stylish self-catering cottages, sleeping between four and seven people. There is also a tempting farm shop stocked with sausages, bacon, loin chops, gammon, suckling pigs and even live Oxford Sandy and Black weaners.

• Numero di posti letto – Sleeping between 2 and 8 • • – In – Set in… – Sits on 60 acres Età degli edifici (antichi) – Dates from • Servizi • Riconversione degli edifici • – – • • Descrizione degli appartamenti – Stone cottages – Our stylish, 4 & 5 star self catering country cottages are exceedingly comfortable, welcoming and superbly equipped Attività possibili – Plenty to see in the surrounding area – will provide the perfect base for you to explore the towns, villages and historic houses – Ideally placed for exploring Cornwall. Offering B&B Rooms available on a B&B basis guesthouse Culinary offering – Forged from the original barns – Stone barns have been converted into – Fashioned from milking parlours Contesto ambientale Distanze – – X is a 10 -minute drive/walk (away) X is 45 minutes away Polglynn is within easy reach of With the charming small antiques town of Lostwithiel only 4 miles away