LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS PART III
LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS. PART III C: CHINA’ EARTHQUAKES Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA
NATURAL HAZARDS THAT PLACE CHINA’S COMMUNITIES AT RISK FLOODS GOAL: DISASTER RESILIENCE ENACT AND IMPLEMENT POLICIES HAVING HIGH BENEFIT/COST FOR COMMUNITY RESILIENCE TYPHOONS EARTHQUAKES LANDSLIDESS ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
EARTHQUAKE RISK • TYPHOON HAZARDS • BLDG. INVENTORY • VULNERABILITY • LOCATION DATA BASES AND INFORMATION ACCEPTABLE RISK UNACCEPTABLE RISK CHINA’S GOAL: EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE COMMUNITIES POLICY OPTIONS HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS • PREPAREDNESS • PROTECTION • EARLY WARNING • EMERGENCY RESPONSE • RECOVERY and RECONSTRUCTION
TOWARDS EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE RISK ASSESSMENT • VULNERABILITY • COST • EXPOSURE QUAKES • EVENT EXPECTED LOSS • BENEFIT • CONSEQUENCES POLICY ASSESSMENT POLICY ADOPTION
MAP OF CHINA’S PROVINCES
EARTHQUAKES OCCUR FREQUENTLY IN CHINA AS A RESULT OF COMPLEX INTERACTIONS OF THE PACIFIC, INDOAUSTRALIA, AND EURASIAN PLATES
CAUSES OF DAMAGE INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING SOIL AMPLIFICATION PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND FAILURE) EARTHQUAKES “DISASTER LABORATORIES” IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN TSUNAMI WAVE RUNUP POOR DETAILING AND WEAK CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS FRAGILITY OF NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
LESSONS LEARNED FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE • ALL NOTABLE EARTHQUAKES • PREPAREDNESS PLANNING FOR THE INEVITABLE GROUND SHAKING IS ESSENTIAL FOR COMMUNITY RESILIENCE.
LESSONS LEARNED FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE • ALL NOTABLE EARTHQUAKES • PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS AND INFRASTRUCTURE IS ESSENTIAL FOR COMMUNITY RESILIENCE.
NOTES FOR SOME OF CHINA’S NOTABLE HISTORIC EARTHQUAKES
DATE, LOCATION, AND DEATHS • • • 1290, HOPEH PROVINCE- 100, 000 1556, SHENSHI PROVINCE- 830, 000 1920, KANSU PROVINCE– 180, 000 1932, KANSU PROVINCE– 70, 000 1975, TANGSHAN, HEBEI PROVINCE – 255, 000+ • 2008, SICHUAN PROVINCE- 88, 000
THE TANGSHAN EARTHQUAKE HUBEI PROVINCE July 28, 1976
TANGSHAN EARTHQUAKE: 3: 42 AM, JULY 28, 1976
TANGSHAN EARTHQUAKE: OCCURRENCE • The M 7. 8 Tanshan earthquake, the deadliest earthquake of the 20 th century, occurred when a fault beneath the city of 1. 6 million inhabitants ruptured at 3: 42 am. • A M 7. 1 aftershock followed 16 hours later, exacerbating damage and reducing hope for survivors.
TANGSHAN WAS UNPREPARED • In 1976, experts believed that Tangshan was located in a region with a relatively low probability of occurrence and a low risk from earthquakes; - - • Therefore, Tangshan was NOT prepared.
TANGSHAN’S BUILDINGS WERE UNPROTECTED • Few, if any, buildings had been sited, designed, and built in accordance with the seismic design provisions of a modern building code, and buildings were sited on unstable alluvial soil, -- • Therefore, hundreds of thousands of buildings collapsed, .
TANGSHAN’S BUILDINGS COLLAPSED • Therefore, 85 percent of the buildings (hundreds of thousands of buildings performing all types of functions) collapsed and widespread loss of function of city lifelines occurred.
LESSONS LEARNED FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE • ALL NATURAL HAZARDS • CAPACITY FOR INTELLIGENT EMERGENCY RESPONSE IS ESSENTIAL FOR COMMUNITY RESILIENCE.
SURVIVORS WERE BURIED UNDER THE RUBBLE • Survivors were buried under the rubble of collapsed buildings at 3: 42 am, with little hope of a timely rescue and medical care within the 24 -48 hour “Golden Period” by the first responders of a city that was UNPREPARED.
EMERGENCY RESPONSE • The Chinese Government refused to accept international aid from the United Nations, or other countries, insisting on self-reliance. • Shanghai sent 56 medical teams to Tangshan to assist.
LESSONS LEARNED FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE • ALL NATURAL HAZARDS • CAPACITY FOR RECOVERY AND RECONSTRUCTION IS ESSENTIAL FOR COMMUNITY RESILIENCE.
THE TANGSHAN EARTHQUAKE’S ECONOMIC LOSS • The economic loss was placed at 10 billion yuan. • The total loss, which requires placing a value on the loss of 255, 000+ lives, is incalculable. 255, 000
TANGSHAN: RECOVERY AND RECONSTRUCTION • The recovery and reconstruction phase was very political and very complex, taking more than 10 years to restore the city to normal. • Today, Tangshan, known as the “Brave City of China” is a modern city of 3 million inhabitants.
THE WENCHUAN EARTHQUAKE SICHUAN PROVINCE May 12, 2008
MONDAY, 12 MAY, 2008 2: 28 PM LOCAL TIME • The ongoing regional compression creating the Tibetan foothills caused the Longmenshan fault to rupture and generate a M 8. 0 earthquake at a shallow focal depth of only 19 km (11, 8 miles). •
COLLAPSED BUILDINGS: BEICHUAN
WITHIN A FEW HOURS • Forty-four of the counties and districts of Sishuan Province and one-half of its 20 million people were directly affected. • Over 220, 000 were injured. • An estimated 88, 000 were killed.
TUESDAY, 13 MAY, 2008 • The Chinese government announced its willingness to receive international assistance. • Search and rescue activities were intensified with the assistance of a number of international teams of search and rescue experts and medical doctors.
SEARCH AND RESCUE TEAM: DUJIANGYAN
LANDSLIDE: BEICHUAN
WEDNESDAY, 14 MAY, 2008 An 8 -months pregnant woman was among those rescued from collapsed buildings in an all out effort to rescue survivors.
PREGNANT WOMAN RESCUED: DUJIANGYAN
WEDNESDAY, 14 MAY, 2008 Soldiers were dispatched to repair Zipingpu dam after cracks were discovered in 391 dams in the epicentral region
FRIDAY, 16 MAY 2008 • The Chinese Government increased the number of soldiers involved in emergency response to 130, 000 • Survivors were still being removed from rubble.
SOLDIERS REPAIR CRACKS IN ZIPINGPU DAM: DUJIANGYAN
THE CONCLUSION TWENTYONE DAYS LATER The earthquake showed that the communities in the Sichian Province were UNPREPARED for what happened!
THE CONCLUSION TWENTYONE DAYS LATER 25 million buildings and the infrastructure to support them were UNPROTECTED by modern building codes or modern lifeline standards.
RECONSTRUCTION UNDERWAY: JULY 9, 2008
WENCHUAN EARTHQUAKE SICHUAN PROVINCE, CHINA • MAY 12, 2008 • 88, 000 DEAD • 25 MILLION HOMES DAMAGED OR DESTROYED
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