LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS ITALY PART
LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS ITALY PART 3 A: EARTHQUAKES Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA
NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED DISASTERS IN ITALY FLOODS GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIES HIGH BENEFIT/COST PROGRAMS FOR BECOMING DISASTER RESILIENT WINDSTORMS EARTHQUAKES VOLCANOES ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
Italy has a long history of destructive earthquakes.
LOCATIONS OF PAST NOTABLE EARTHAUAKES
Natural Phenomena that Cause Disasters Planet Earth’s heat flow and lithospheric interactions cause EARTHQUAKES
TECTONIC PLATES
ITALY: INTERACTION OF AFRICA--EURASIAN---ANATOLIAN PLATES
ITALY, THE PLATES, AND THE 2009 L’AQUILA QUAKE
A DISASTER is --- the set of failures that overwhelm the capability of a community to respond without external help when three continuums: 1) people, 2) community (i. e. , a set of habitats, livelihoods, and social constructs), and 3) complex events (e. g. , earthquakes, cyclones, . . ) intersect at a point in space and time.
Disasters are caused by single- or multiple-event natural hazards that, (for various reasons), cause extreme levels of mortality, morbidity, homelessness, joblessness, economic losses, or environmental impacts.
THE REASONS ARE. . . • The community is UNPREPARED for what will likely happen
THE REASONS ARE. . . • When it does happen, the functions of the community’s buildings and infrastructure that are UNPROTECTED with the appropriate codes and standards will be LOST.
THE REASONS ARE. . . • The community has NO DISASTER PLANNING SCENARIO or WARNING SYSTEM in place as a strategic framework for concerted local, national, regional, and international actions.
THE REASONS ARE. . . • The community LACKS THE CAPACITY TO RESPOND to the full spectrum of expected and unexpected emergency situations.
THE REASONS ARE. . . • The community is INEFFICIENT during recovery and reconstruction because it HAS NOT LEARNED from either the current experience or the cumulative prior experiences.
TOWARDS EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE
ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE RISK HAZARDS EXPOSURE RISK VULNERABILITY LOCATION
EARTHQUAKE RISK • QUAKE HAZARDS • INVENTORY • VULNERABILITY • LOCATION DATA BASES AND INFORMATION ACCEPTABLE RISK UNACCEPTABLE RISK ITALY’S COMMUNITIES QUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE POLICY OPTIONS HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS • PREPAREDNESS • PROTECTION • FORECASTS/SCENARIOS • EMERGENCY RESPONSE • RECOVERY and RECONSTRUCTION
ITALY: RELATIVE GROUND SHAKING HAZARD (50 YEAR EXP. T. )
CAUSES OF DAMAGE INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING SOIL AMPLIFICATION PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND FAILURE) EARTHQUAKES IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN “DISASTER LABORATORIES” FIRE FOLLOWING RUPTURE OF UTILITIES LACK OF DETAILING AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS INATTENTION TO NONSTRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE ALL EARTHQUAKES PREPAREDNESS FOR THE LIKELY GROUND SHAKING IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE
WHAT WILL HAPPEN? EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS (AKA THE POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS)
SEISMICITY TECTONIC SETTING & FAULTS EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS MODEL
ITALY: SEISMICITY
ITALY
PGA MAP: 10 % EXCEDANCE IN 50 YEAR EXPOSURE TIME
ITALY: EARTHQUAKE ZONES
LOCATION OF STRUCTURE IMPORTANCE AND VALUE OF STRUCTURE AND CONTENTS EXPOSURE MODEL
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS HAVE DIFFERENT VULNERABILITIES TO GROUND SHAKING ST ON E RI CK O R 30 ON RY , B 25 AS AL D M OR CE 20 F IN NF RE I 15 I RE O NF H S LL CE FO V VI OR NF W E TE AM R E F L CR EE ON ST IN RE INTENSITY ME FRA D WOO L & A MET ALL VII A DW I RE ITH C ED C R 5 W RE N CO ED C R OR D CE LS N U ET R C 10 0 IT W E UN MEAN DAMAGE RATIO, % OF REPLACEMENT VALUE 35 VIII IX
QUALITY OF DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION ADEQUACY OF LATERAL-FORCE RESISTING SYSTEM VULNERABILITY MODEL
HIGH POTENTIAL LOSS EXPOSURES IN AN EARTHQUAKE A communities people, property, essential and critical infrastructure, business enterprise, and government centers.
LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE ALL EARTHQUAKES BUILDING CODES AND LIFELINE STANDARDS ARE ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE
LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE ALL EARTHQUAKES TIMELY EMERGENCY RESPONSE IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE
SOME OF ITALY’S MANY NOTABLE EARTHQUAKES M 6. 9 IRPINIA: NOVEMBER 23, 1980 M 6. 3 L’AQUILA: APRIL 6, 2009
IRPINIA EARTHQUAKE M 6. 9 SUNDAY MORNING NOVEMBER 23, 1980
EPICENTER: IRPINIA QUAKE
THE IRPINIA EARTHQUAKE • Known in Italy as Terremoto dell'Irpinia, the M 6. 9 earthquake took place on Sunday, November 23, 1980. • The quake, centered near the village of Conza, killed 2, 914 people, injured more than 10, 000 and left 300, 000 homeless.
Building damage was distributed over more than 26, 000 km², including Naples and Salerno
DAMAGE OLD, POORLY DESIGNED AND POORLY CONSTRUCTED BUILDINGS SITED ON SOFT SOILS WERE HIGHLY VULNERABLE TO STRONG GROUND SHAKING
PROVINCE OF AVELLINO DEVASTATED • The towns of Lioni, Conza Di Campania (near the epicenter), and Teora were destroyed.
PROVINCE OF AVELLINO DEVASTATED • Eighty percent of Sant’Angelo Dei Lombardi was destroyed. • 300 died, including 27 children in an orphanage.
FAR TOO MANY GRAVES
DAMAGE
DAMAGE: A GHOST TOWN
DAMAGE
DAMAGE
DAMAGE
DAMAGE
DAMAGE TO ROAD
PROVINCE OF AVELLINO DEVASTATED • In Balvano, 100 were killed when a medieval church collapsed during Sunday services.
COLLAPSED BUILDINGS IN NAPLES • Dozens of structures in Naples were levelled, including a 10 story apartment building.
THIS DISASTER EXPOSED POLICY FLAWS • UN—PROTECTED • UN—PREPARED • UN--ABLE TO RESPOND EFFECTIVELY
FACT: VILLAGE HOUSES WITH LITTLE OF NO EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE COLLAPSED, INCREASINGING DEATHS AND INJURIES The 5 pm occurrence (instead of a 10 pm occurrence) likely reduced the number of deaths.
INTERNATIONAL ASSISTANCE DURING RECONSTRUCTION • The Italian government spent 59, 000 billion lire on reconstruction. • Other nations sent contributions: West Germany contributed 32 million USD and the USA 70 million USD.
2013
ITALY’S NEXT EARTHQUAKE IS INEVITABLE • BUT, EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE IS NOT AN IMPOSSIBLE DREAM!
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