LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS INDIA PART
LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS INDIA PART 1: FLOODS (NOTE: FLOODS ALSO TRIGGER LANDSLIDES)
INDIA
NATURAL AND TECH. HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED DISASTERS IN INDIA FLOODS (LANDSLIDES) GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIES HIGH BENEFIT/COST FROM BECOMING DISASTER RESILIENT SEVERE WINDSTORMS EARTHQUAKES POWER BLACKOUTS ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
Natural Phenomena that Cause Disasters Planet Earth’s atmospherichydrosphericlithospheric interactions create situations favorable for FLOODS
CAUSES OF NOTABLE FLOODS IN INDIA: THE ANNUAL MONSOON RAINS
A “HIMALAYAN TSUNAMII” HIMALAYAN REGION OF NORTHEST INDIA (Floods also trigger landslides) June 24—JULY ? ? , 2013
Triggered by unusually heavy monsoon rains that don’t usually arrive this early in the mountainous state of Uttarakhand, which borders Nepal and China, the floods and landslides swept away buildings, roads and vehicles.
HIGH POTENTIAL LOSS EXPOSURES IN A FLOOD Entire villages: People, property, infrastructure, business enterprise, government centers, crops, wildlife, and natural resources.
Kedarnath, the home of a deeply revered Hindu temple visited by many pilgrims every year, experienced the maximum devastation.
emple in foreground) KEDARNATH (Note: Temple in Foreground)
RISHIKESH: HINDU STATUE
PARTS OF NEW DELHI ALSO FLOODED
IMPACTS • At least 1, 000 feared dead • 70, 000 evacuated • More than 50, 000 people cut off by the waters
DEVASTATING FLOODS IN ASSAM STATE AND IN NORTHEST INDIA (Floods also trigger landslides) June 28—JULY 15, 2012
The Brahmaputra River overflowed during monsoon rains, flooding more than 2, 000 villages and destroying homes in the northeast of the country
FLOOD: ASSAM STATE; JUNE 28, 2012
WILD BUFFALO GOING TO HIGHER GROUND; JUNE 28
STRANDED IN NAELENI VILLAGE: JUNE 28
STRANDED
SOME OF THE 500, 000 EVACUEES: JUNE 29
ELDERLY AND YOUNG EVACUEES: JUNE 29
HOMELESS BULUT VILLAGE FAMILY: JUNE 30
PUMPING DRINKING WATER: BULUT VILLAGE; JUNE 30
2012: RECORD BREAKING IMPACTS § Ninety-five dead § Over 2 million homeless. § Half a million evacuees are living in relief camps with disease prone conditions § Damaging landslides hindered relief operations
NEEDED: FLOOD DISASTER RESILIENCE
FLOOD RISK • FLOOD HAZARDS • PEOPLE & BLDGS. • VULNERABILITY • LOCATION DATA BASES AND INFORMATION ACCEPTABLE RISK UNACCEPTABLE RISK INDIA’S GOAL: FLOOD DISASTER RESILIENCE COMMUNITIES POLICY OPTIONS HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS • PREPAREDNESS • PROTECTION • EARLY WARNING • EMERGENCY RESPONSE • RECOVERY and RECONSTRUCTION
A FLOOD RISK ASSESSMENT HELPS GUIDE POLICY ADOPTION AND IMPLEMENTATION FOR FLOOD DISASTER RESILIENCE
A FLOOD RISK ASSESSMENT INTEGRATES PHYSICAL EFFECTS AND SOCIETAL IMPACTS TO DETERMINE RISK DAMAGE FROM INUNDATION EROSION, SCOUR, AND LANDSLIDES RISK LOSS OF FUNCTION ECONOMIC LOSS
CAUSES OF RISK LOSS OF FUNCTION OF STRUCTURES IN FLOODPLAIN INUNDATION INTERACTION WITH HAZARDOUS MATERIALS FLOODS STRUCTURE & CONTENTS: DAMAGE FROM WATER DISASTER LABORATORIES WATER BORNE DISEASES (HEALTH PROBLEMS) EROSION AND MUDFLOWS CONTAMINATION OF GROUND WATER
FLOOD DISASTER RISKS LOSS OF FUNCTION OF BUILDINGS AND INFRASTRUCTURE, RELEASE OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS, DAMAGE TO CONTENTS, TRANSPORTATION OF DEBRIS, AUTOS, AND HOUSES, ENVIRONMENTAL DEAD ZONES, AND WATER BORNE DISEASES
A RISK ASSESSMENT • A risk assessment involves the probabilistic integration of: • The hazard (e. g. , floods) and their potential disaster agents (inundation, erosion, etc) that are directly related to the location of the community and what happens in the regional water cycle.
RISK ASSESSMENT (Continued) • The location of each element of the exposure in relation to the physical demands of the hazard (i. e. , inundation, etc. )
RISK ASSESSMENT (Continued) • The exposure (e. g. , people, and elements of the community’s built environment), represents the potential loss when the natural hazard occurs.
RISK ASSESSMENT (Continued) • The vulnerability (or fragility) of each element comprising the exposure when subjected to the potential disaster agents.
UNDERSTANDING VULNERABILITY: THE ULTIMATE DRIVER OF RISK
Vulnerability: The Driver of Risk EVENT VULNERABILITY FLOOD EXPECTED HAZARDS LOSS EXPOSURE PEOPLE STRUCTURES PROPERTY ENVIRONMENT INFRASTRUCTURE
An element’s vulnerability (fragility) is the result of a community’s actions or of nature’s actions that change some part of the regional water cycle (e. g. , precipitation, storage, runoff, transpiration, evaporation).
WHAT INCREASES VULNERABILITY MANKIND’S ACTIONS AND NATURE ITSELF CAN CHANGE THE VULNERABILITY OF ELEMENTS AT RISK TO A FLOOD, A PART OF THE REGIONAL WATER CYCLE
MANKIND’S CONTRIBUTION An element’s vulnerability (fragility) is the result of flaws that enter during the planning, location, siting, design, and construction of a community’s buildings and infrastructure.
MANKIND’S ACTIONS THAT CHANGE SOME PART OF THE WATER CYCLE • Urban development or industrial development in areas that were formerly wetlands. • Locating buildings and infrastructure in a river floodplain.
MANKIND’S ACTIONS THAT CHANGE SOME PART OF THE WATER CYCLE • Actions that increase or decrease river gradients (deforestation, dams, etc). • Actions that change the runoff rate or pattern (e. g. , the city’s concrete footprint)
NATURE’S ACTIONS THAT CHANGE THE WATER CYCLE • • A flash flood. Ice jams/ice dams on the river Rapid melt of snow and ice Extreme or prolonged precipitation caused by stalled low-pressure weather systems.
REQUIRED INFORMATION FOR A COMPREHENSIVE VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT
REQUIRED INFORMATION • Physical characteristics of the regional water cycle and drainage system. • Physical characteristics of each river system, its tributaries, and its floodplains.
REQUIRED INFORMATION • Physical characteristics of catchment basins, reservoirs, and wetlands in the region. • Physical characteristics of dikes, levees, and dams controlling water discharge and flooding potential in the region.
REQUIRED INFORMATION • The hazardous materials and other elements located in the floodplain.
CAUSES OF DISASTER LOSS OF FUNCTION OF STRUCTURES IN FLOODPLAIN INUNDATION INTERACTION WITH HAZARDOUS MATERIALS FLOODS CASE HISTORIES STRUCTURAL/CONTENTS DAMAGE FROM WATER BORNE DISEASES (HEALTH PROBLEMS) EROSION AND MUDFLOWS CONTAMINATION OF GROUND WATER
A DISASTER is --- the set of failures that overwhelm the capability of a community to respond without external help when three continuums: 1) people, 2) community (i. e. , a set of habitats, livelihoods, and social constructs), and 3) complex events (e. g. , floods, earthquakes, …) intersect at a point in space and time.
Disasters are caused by single- or multiple-event natural hazards that, (for various reasons), cause extreme levels of mortality, morbidity, homelessness, joblessness, economic losses, or environmental impacts.
THE REASONS ARE. . . • When it does happen, the functions of the community’s buildings and infrastructure can be LOST for long periods.
THE REASONS ARE. . . • The community is UNPREPARED for what will likely happen, not to mention the low -probability of occurrence— high-probability of adverse consequences event.
THE REASONS ARE. . . • The community has NO DISASTER PLANNING SCENARIO or WARNING SYSTEM in place as a strategic framework for early threat identification and coordinated local, national, regional, and international countermeasures.
THE REASONS ARE. . . • The community LACKS THE CAPACITY TO RESPOND in a timely and effective manner to the full spectrum of expected and unexpected emergency situations.
THE REASONS ARE. . . • The community is INEFFICIENT during recovery and reconstruction because it HAS NOT LEARNED from either the current experience or the cumulative prior experiences.
MOVING TOWARDS FLOOD DISASTER RESILIENCE RISK ASSESSMENT • VULNERABILITY • COST • EXPOSURE FLOODS • EVENT EXPECTED LOSS • BENEFIT • CONSEQUENCES POLICY ASSESSMENT POLICY ADOPTION
LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE ALL FLOODS PREPAREDNES FOR THE EXPECTED AND UNEXPECTED IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE
LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE ALL FLOODS EARLY WARNING (THE ISS) AND EVACUATION ARE ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE
LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE ALL FLOODS TIMELY EMERGENCY RESPONSE IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE
LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE ALL FLOODS RECOVERY AND RECONSTRUCTION USUALLY TAKES LONGER THAN THOUGHT.
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