Lesson Overview 2 3 Carbon Compounds Lesson Overview

Lesson Overview 2. 3 Carbon Compounds

Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds THINK ABOUT IT In the early 1800 s, many chemists called the compounds created by organisms “organic, ” believing they were fundamentally different from compounds in nonliving things. We now understand that the principles governing the chemistry of living and nonliving things are the same, but the term “organic chemistry” is still around. Today, organic chemistry means the study of compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms, while inorganic chemistry is the study of all other compounds.

Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds The Chemistry of Carbon atoms have four valence electrons, allowing them to form strong covalent bonds with many other elements, including hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, and nitrogen. Living organisms are made up of molecules that consist of carbon and these other elements.

Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds The Chemistry of Carbon atoms can also bond to each other, which gives carbon the ability to form millions of different large and complex structures. Carbon-carbon bonds can be single, double, or triple covalent bonds. Chains of carbon atoms can even close up on themselves to form rings.

Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Macromolecules Many organic compounds in living cells are macromolecules- “giant molecules, ” made of many smaller molecules. Macromolecules are formed by polymerization

Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Macromolecules The smaller units, or monomers, join together to form polymers. The monomers in a polymer may be identical or different.

Carbon Compounds Lesson Overview Polymerization Dehydration synthesis: Building polymers from monomers! Lose :

Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds HYDROLYSIS Hydrolysis: using water to separate the monomers!

Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Macromolecules What are the four groups of macromolecules? video A. Carbohydrates B. Lipids C. Proteins D. Nucleic Acids

Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Carbohydrates Living things use carbohydrates as their main source of energy. Plants, some animals, and other organisms also use carbohydrates for structural purposes.

Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Carbohydrates : carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, usually in a ratio of 1 : 2 : 1. Carbohydrates: main source of energy: supplies immediate energy for cell activities. Plants, some animals, and other organisms also use carbohydrates for structural purposes.

Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Simple Sugars monosaccharides- Single sugar molecules Ex: glucose galactose (milk) fructose (fruit) disaccharides sucrose (table sugar) glucose + fructose

Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Complex Carbohydrates The large macromolecules formed from monosaccharides are known as polysaccharides.

Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Carbohydrates Plants store extra glucose as a complex carbohydrates known as starch.

Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Complex Carbohydrates Plants also make another important polysaccharide called cellulose, which gives plants much of their strength and rigidity.

Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Complex Carbohydrates Humans store excess sugar in a polysaccharide called glycogen. When the level of glucose in your blood runs low, glycogen is broken down for energy

Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Lipids can be used to store energy. Some lipids are important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings.

Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Lipids are made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms and are generally not soluble in water. lipids are fats, oils, and waxes. Lipids can be used to store energy. Some lipids are important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings. Steroids synthesized by the body are lipids as well. Many steroids, such as hormones, serve as chemical messengers.

Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Lipids Many lipids are formed when a glycerol combines with a fatty acid.

Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Lipids If each carbon atom in a lipid’s fatty acid chain is joined to another carbon atom by a single bond, the lipid is said to be saturated. If there is at least one carbon-carbon double bond in a fatty acid, the fatty acid is said to be unsaturated. Lipids whose fatty acids contain more than one double bond are said to be polyunsaturated.

Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Lipids that contain unsaturated fatty acids, such as olive oil, tend to be liquid at room temperature. The data in the table illustrate how melting point decreases as the degree of unsaturation (number of double bonds) increases.

Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Macromolecules Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary, or genetic, information.

Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids are macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus. individual monomers are nucleotides.

Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Nucleic Acids Nucleotide : consists of three parts 5 -carbon sugar phosphate group (–PO 4) nitrogenous base.

Carbon Compounds Lesson Overview Nucleic Acids Individual nucleotides are joined by covalent bonds to form a polynucleotide, or nucleic acid. There are two kinds of nucleic acids: ribonucleic acid (RNA) RNA contains the sugar ribose deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose.

Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Macromolecules Proteins 1. control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes. 2. form important cellular structures 3. transport substances into or out of cells 4. help to fight disease

Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Protein Proteins are macromolecules that contain nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. monomers of amino acids. Functions: controlling the rate of reactions, regulating cell processes, forming cellular structures, transporting substances into or out of cells, and helping to fight disease.

Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Protein Amino acids amino group (–NH 2) on one end carboxyl group (–COOH) other end. Covalent bonds called peptide bonds link amino acids together to form a polypeptide. A protein is a functional molecule built from one or more polypeptides.

Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Structure and Function Amino acids differ from each other in a side chain called the R-group, which have a range of different properties. More than 20 different amino acids are found in nature. This variety results in proteins being among the most diverse macromolecules.

Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Levels of Organization Proteins have four levels of structure. A protein’s primary structure is the sequence of its amino acids.

Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Secondary structure hydrogen bonds are always between C=O and H-N groups, the exact pattern of them is different in an alpha-helix

Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Levels of Organization Tertiary structure is the complete, three-dimensional arrangement of a polypeptide chain.

Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Quaternary Structure is the combination of two or more chains, to form a complete unit.

Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds