Lesson B 3 5 Harvesting Forest Trees Reminder

Lesson B 3– 5 Harvesting Forest Trees Reminder: student learning activities are at the end of this power point.

Next Generation Science/Common Core Standards Addressed! · · HS‐LS 2‐ 6. Evaluate the claims, evidence, and reasoning that the complex interactions in ecosystems maintain relatively consistent numbers and types of organisms in stable conditions, but changing conditions may result in a new ecosystem. [Clarification Statement: Examples of changes in ecosystem conditions could include modest biological or physical changes, such as moderate hunting or a seasonal f. HS‐LS 2‐ 7. lood; and extreme changes, such as volcanic eruption or sea level rise. ] HS‐LS 2‐ 7. Evaluate the evidence for the role of group behavior on individual and species’ chances to survive and reproduce. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on: (1) distinguishing between group and individual behavior, (2) identifying evidence supporting the outcomes of group behavior, and (3) developing logical and reasonable arguments based on evidence. Examples of group behaviors could include flocking, schooling, herding, and cooperative behaviors such as hunting, migrating, and swarming. RST. 11‐ 12. 7 Integrate and evaluate multiple sources of information presented in diverse formats and media (e. g. , quantitative data, video, multimedia) in order to address a question or solve a problem. (HS‐LS 2‐ 6), (HS‐LS 2‐ 7), (HS‐LS 2‐ 8)

Agriculture, Food, and Natural Resource Standards Addressed · NRS. 01. 05. 03. a. Compare and contrast techniques associated with sustainable forestry (e. g. , timber stand improvement, diversity improvement, reforestation, etc. ).

Bell Work / Student Learning Objectives. · 1. Identify the major activities involved in harvesting forest trees. · 2. Compare and contrast the various types of harvest cuttings. · 3. Identify the important factors affecting tree-felling outputs. · 4. Identify the factors involved in tree skidding.

Terms: · Bucking · Clear cutting · Establishment cutting · Felling · Group selection method · Limbing · Logging · Non-point source pollution · · · Removal cuttings Seed-tree cutting Selection cutting Shelterwood cutting Silviculture Single-tree selection method · Skidding · Timber cruise

Major Activities Involved in Harvesting Forest Trees · Harvesting, or logging, has been called the key to forestry. · The best silvicultural plans are executed through the proper use of logging.

Silviculture · Silviculture is the art of producing and tending a forest. · Conversely, the productivity of timber stands can be virtually destroyed by poorly planned or careless logging.

Silviculture · Even in forests managed primarily for purposes other than timber production, some logging is often inevitable. · The cost of logging is a major factor in the production of wood products. · Timber is heavy, hard, and difficult to handle.

Silviculture · Logging is in the category of occupations that are considered dangerous. · Therefore, the activities associated with logging require persons skilled in woods work and the operation of logging equipment.

Silviculture · Some states require forest-land owners to submit a harvest plan prior to the beginning of logging operations. · The major purpose for this is to promote logging activities that minimize soil erosion and other types of non-point source pollution (pollution whose source cannot be definitely pinpointed).

General Points of a Logging Plan · 1. The location of cutting boundaries of the stand to be cut. · 2. The marking of timber to be harvested (except when all the timber is to be cut).

General Points of a Logging Plan · 3. The cruise of timber to be removed. (A timber cruise is the process of determining estimates of timber volume, growth, stand density, and other kinds of information on a forest property. )

General Points of a Logging Plan · 4. The location of the most efficient log-loading sites. · 5. The location of skid trails and haul roads. Skidding is moving timber to the loading site.

General Points of a Logging Plan · 6. The description of equipment to be used and the types of logging to be done. · 7. The location of emergency equipment storage points, including firefighting tools, first-aid containers, and other emergency equipment.

The harvesting of trees involves several activities. · 1. Cutting the trees · 2. Removing the limbs · 3. Cutting the trees into lengths

The harvesting of trees involves several activities. · 4. Either skidding the logs to a central area for loading pulpwood bolts at the general cutting area. · Skidding is pulling logs to a central point for loading onto trucks or railroad cars. · 5. Transporting the trees to a mill.

Types of Harvest Cuttings · II. Harvest cuttings provide for the removal of mature timber, the establishment of reproduction, and the supplementary treatments of the timbergrowing site to develop favorable conditions for seedling growth. · There a variety of methods involved in harvest cutting timber.

Clear Cutting · A. This involves the removal of virtually all the trees in the stand. · This method is used for the purpose of baring the selected area prior to the establishment of an even-aged stand.

Clear Cutting · After clear cutting, regeneration may occur by planting or direct seeding of new trees. · It may also occur as a result of seed from adjacent trees or from trees that cut in the process. · New growth areas are very desirable wildlife habitat.

Clear Cutting · Clear cutting is applicable in stands where the trees are no longer needed for growth and value increase, for a source of seed, for the protection of reproduction, or for other silvicultural purposes. · This method is used in mature and overly mature stands to remove undesirable species and to facilitate site treatment, including the planting of superior tree stock.

Seed-tree Cutting · Seed-tree cutting is a form of clear cutting in which seedbearing trees are left suitably dispersed throughout the harvest area to provide for reproduction. · This method is used with species that bear seed frequently and abundantly so that scattered seed trees will regenerate the area with desired species within a reasonable period.

Shelterwood Cutting · Shelterwood cutting is similar to the seed-tree method except that a greater number of trees are left after the initial cuts to provide shelter for the reproduction as well as a seed source for its establishment.

Shelterwood Cutting · A shelterwood harvest is completed in stages. · The first stage is to harvest a portion of the crop trees sufficient to allow reproduction. · This is known as the establishment cutting.

Shelterwood Cutting · The remaining trees, which are greater in number than in the seed-tree method, provide a seed source for this reproduction as well as protect the new seedlings. · In the later stages, known as removal cuttings, the remaining trees are removed as the need for their shelter diminishes.

Selection Cutting · Selection cutting is a complex system of cutting used to create or maintain an uneven-aged stand. · The goal of selection cutting is to remove mature timber in a manner and amount that will allow for reproduction sufficient to maintain the distribution of multiple age classes within the individual stand.

Selection cutting may be carried out in two ways. · 1. In the single-tree selection method individual trees in the age class to be harvested are selected and removed. This is one of the purposes that “timber cruising” is conducted by knowledgeable trained forestry personnel.

Selection cutting may be carried out in two ways. · 2. In the group selection method the stand is divided into small groups or units that are then managed for a single age class within the larger uneven-aged stand.

Factors Affecting Tree-felling Outputs · Felling is the act of cutting or severing a tree from its stump. · It is more however, than just cutting it down. · It means cutting the tree in such a way that it safely falls in the desired direction and results in the least damage to the tree as well as surrounding trees.

Limbing · Limbing is cutting branches off either felled or standing trees. · Cutting to length or bucking, is cutting the felled trees into log or bolt lengths.

Factors Affecting Tree-felling Outputs · The amount of work and time required to process a tree has been greatly reduced by the introduction of the power chainsaw and further mechanization.

Factors Affecting Tree-felling Outputs · Also affecting the processing time is the kind and size of the tree being felled. · Important factors affecting felling outputs are · 1. The volume per acre and size of timber to be cut. · 2. The skill of logging crews. · 3. The condition of the terrain—the amount of brush growing there, the steepness of the land, and the wetness or dryness of the site. · 4. The amount of defect in the timber. · 5. The season of the year.

Factors Involved in Tree Skidding · IV. Skidding is the part of the logging operation in which the logs are dragged from where they were cut to length to a central location for loading onto trucks or railroad cars. · In some cases this step is bypassed.

Factors Involved in Tree Skidding · Short pulpwood bolts can be handcarried and loaded directly onto the truck from the point where the tree was cut.

Factors Involved in Tree Skidding · Factors involved in skidding are similar to those involved in felling, but the following must also be considered: · 1. The difference in weight of logs. · 2. The distance to skid. · 3. The amount of time required prior to skidding to bunch logs - collecting scattered logs into one place so they can be more efficiently skidded out to a central place.

Review / Summary. · 1. Identify the major activities involved in harvesting forest trees. · 2. Compare and contrast the various types of harvest cuttings. · 3. Identify the important factors affecting tree-felling outputs. · 4. Identify the factors involved in tree skidding.

The End!

Student Learning Activities · Sample tests are available in the Lesson Plan tab.

Fill in the boxes as to what year the section was clear cut. Name: ______________

KEY

8. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. What are the seven general points of a logging plan? ____________________________________ What do some states require forest-land owners to do? considered _______________. Logging is in the ____________ of _________________ that are ___________. Timber is _________, and _____________ to ________ products. The cost of logging is a major ______________ in the production of ________________. __________ production, some __________ is other Even in _________________ managed primarily for purposes other than ____________________________________ What is Silviculture? _____________. Harvesting, or _____________, has been called the key to Answer the following questions by filling in the blanks or answering with a complete sentence. Harvesting Forest Trees worksheet Name: ____________

________________________________________ 14. What is seed-tree cutting, and what is the purpose of seed-tree cutting? tree stock. site _______________, including the planting of _____________ stands to remove ______________ species and to ____________ 13. This method is used in ______________ and __________ mature from trees that ___________ in the process. 12. It may also occur as a ___________ of seed from ___________ trees or ________________________________________________________________________ 11. What is clear cutting, and what is the purpose of clear cutting? _________________ for seedling _______. supplementary treatments of the ________________ site to develop favorable ___________, then establishment of ____________, and the 10. Harvest cuttings provide for the _______________ of mature 5) _________________________________ 4) _________________________________ 3) _________________________________ 2) _________________________________ 1) _________________________________

____________ as well as _______________ trees. _____________ and results in the least ___________ to the 22. It means cutting the tree in such a way that it _________ falls in the desired ____________________________________ 21. What is felling? ________________________________________________________________________ 20. What is the second way that selection cutting can be carried out? ________________________________________________________________________ 19. What is the first way that selection cutting can be carried out? ________________________________________________________________________ 18. What is selection cutting, and what is the purpose of selection cutting? __________ as the need for their shelter __________. 17. In the later stages know as _______________ cutting, the remaining trees are __________ to allow ____________. 16. The ____________ stage s to harvest a portion of the crop trees ________________________________________________________________________ 15. What is shelterwood cutting and what is the purpose of shelterwood cutting?

_________________________________ 2) _________________________________ 1) _________________________________ considered: 28. Factors involved in skidding are similar to those involved in felling, but the following must also be ____________________________________ 27. What is skidding? 5) _________________________________ 4) _________________________________ 3) _________________________________ 2) _________________________________ 1) _________________________________ 26. Important factors affecting felling outputs are: ______________ and further ____________. greatly _____________ by the _____________ of the power 25. The amount of work and time _______________ to process a tree has been ____________________________________ 24. What is bucking? ____________________________________ 23. What is limbing?

Harvesting Forest Trees worksheet Name: ____________ Logging is in the category of occupations that are considered dangerous. What do some states require forest-land owners to do? 6. 7. 8. Timber is heavy, hard, and difficult to handle. 5. timber is to be cut). 2) The marking of timber to be harvested (except when all the 1) The location of cutting boundaries of the stand to be cut. What are the seven general points of a logging plan? prior to the beginning or logging operations. Some state requite forest-land owners to submit a harvest plan The cost of logging is a major factor in the production of wood products. production, some logging is other inevitable. Even in forests managed primarily for purposes other than timber 4. 3. What is Silviculture? 2. Silviculture is the art of producing and tending a forest. Harvesting, or logging, has been called the key to forestry. 1. Answer the following questions by filling in the blanks or answering with a complete sentence. KEY

9. 5) Transporting the trees to a mill. pulpwood bolts at the general cutting area. 4) Either skidding the logs to a central area for loading 3) Cutting the trees into lengths 2) Removing the limbs 1) Cutting the trees What are the five activities that are involved in harvesting trees? equipment. firefighting tools, first-aid containers, and other emergency 7) The location of emergency equipment storage point, including be done. 6) The description of equipment to be used and types of logging to timber to the loading site. 5) The location of skid trails and haul roads. Skidding is moving 4) The location of the most efficient log-loading sites. property. ) stand density, and other kinds of information on a forest process of determining estimates of timber volume, growth, 3) The cruise of timber to be removed. (A timber cruise is the

establishment. shelter for the reproduction as well as a seed source for its a greater number of trees are left after the initial cuts to provide Shelterwood cutting is similar to the seed-tree method except that 15. What is shelterwood cutting and what is the purpose of shelterwood cutting? provide for reproduction. trees are left suitably dispersed throughout the harvest area to Seed-tree cutting is a form of clear cutting in which seed-bearing 14. What is seed-tree cutting, and what is the purpose of seed-tree cutting? stock. species and to facilitate site treatment, including the planting of superior tree 13. This method is used in mature and overly mature stands to remove undesirable the process. 12. It may also occur as a result of seed from adjacent trees or from trees that cut in area proper to the establishment of an even-aged stand. This method is used for the purpose of baring the selected Clear cutting involves the removal of virtually all the trees in the 11. What is clear cutting, and what is the purpose of clear cutting? develop favorable conditions for seedling growth. reproduction, and the supplementary treatments of the timber-growing site to 10. Harvest cuttings provide for the removal of mature timber, then establishment of

Limbing is cutting branches off either felled to standing trees. 23. What is limbing? and results in the least damage to the tree as well as surrounding trees. 22. It means cutting the tree in such a way that it safely falls in the desired direction Felling is the act of cutting or severing a tree form its stump. 21. What is felling? larger uneven-aged stand. or units that are then managed for a single age class within the In the group selection method the stand is divided into small group 20. What is the second way that selection cutting can be carried out? personnel. Timber cruising is conducted by knowledgeable trained forestry 19. What is the first way that selection cutting can be carried out? maintain an uneven-aged stand. Selection cutting is a complex system of cutting used to create or 18. What is selection cutting, and what is the purpose of selection cutting? the need for their shelter diminishes. 17. In the later stages know as removal cutting, the remaining trees are removed as reproduction. 16. The first stages to harvest a portion of the crop trees sufficient to allow

2) The distance to skid. 1) The difference in weight of logs. must also be considered: 28. Factors involved in skidding are similar to those involved in felling, but the following loading onto trucks or railroad cars. dragged from where they were cut to length to a central location for Skidding is the part of the logging operation in which the logs are 27. What is skidding? 5) The season of the year. 4) The amount of defect in the timber. site. the steepness of the land, and the wetness or dryness of the 3) The condition of the terrain-the amount of brush growing there, 2) The skill of logging crews. 1) The volume per acre and size of timber to be cut. 26. Important factors affecting felling outputs are: by the introduction of the power chainsaw and further mechanization. 25. The amount of work and time required to process a tree has been greatly reduced Bucking is cutting the felled trees into log or bolt lengths. 24. What is bucking?

central place. scattered logs into one place so they can be more efficiently skidded out to a 3) The amount of time required prior to skidding to bunch logs- collecting