Lesson A 3 2 Using Hand Tools Problem

Lesson A 3– 2: Using Hand Tools

Problem Area 3 Construction Systems

Lesson 2 Using Hand Tools

Interest Approach n Display a variety of hand tools, tour a hardware store to look at tools, or go to an internet web site to view tools (i. e. www. stanleyworks. com or www. toolsource. com). n All people in our society either use hand tools or pay others who use hand tools.

Interest Approach n Ask students if they know the names of the tools and how to use them. n Compare cheap tools with quality tools. n Talk about the importance of using the right tool for the job. n Explain when a hand tool must be used instead of a power tool.

Learning Objectives n Discuss how to select hand tools. n Identify and explain how to use layout tools. n Identify and explain how to use cutting, shaping, and boring tools. n Identify and explain how to use holding and turning tools. n Identify and explain how to use driving and wrecking tools.

Terminology (1) n 100 foot wind up n Box-end wrenches tape n Adjustable jaw wrenches n Auger bit n Backsaw n Bar clamp n Blacksmith’s vise n Block plane n Brace n Carpenter’s pencil n Cat’s paw n C-clamp n Center punch n Chalk line n Combination openend box-end wrench

Terminology (2) n Combination pliers n Fixed jaw wrenches n Combination square n Flat bars n Coping saw n Framing square n Crosscut saw n Hand drill n Crow bars n Hand screw clamp n Curved claw hammers n Hand tool n Diagonal side cutting n Jack plane pliers n Digital level n Keel or carpenter’s crayon

Terminology (3) n Keyhole or compass saw n Open-end wrenches n Layout tool n Phillips or cross point n Line level n Locking tape measures n n Locking pliers n n Machinist’s vise n n Marking gauge n n Miter clamp n n Needle nose or long n round nose pliers n n screwdrivers Pipe vise Pipe wrenches Plane Plumb bob Power tool Push drill Rasplane Ripsaw

Anticipated Problem: How can I know what tool to select and use?

Selecting Hand Tools n. Hand tools are the most effective and efficient way to do many jobs n. Tool: Any instrument used in doing work

Selecting Hand Tools n. Hand tool: Any tool operated by hand to do work n. Used to do a task or job that could not be done with the bare hand or without the tool n. Power tool: Operated by some source of power other than human power

Selecting Hand Tools n. Use hand tools when electrical or engine power is not available. n. Hand tools are used to do the small jobs and to do the work where large machines cannot function. n Knowing how to use a hand tool helps when using a power tool designed for the same type of job.

Selecting Hand Tools n. Begin by selecting a quality tool. n. Good tools cost a little more than inferior tools but are worth the added investment. n. Buying brand names recognized as high quality is usually best.

Selecting Hand Tools. n. Select the right tool to do a job and use it properly. n. Using the wrong tool can be dangerous, can damage the tool, and results in inferior work. n. Using the right tool in the wrong way is also dangerous.

Selecting Hand Tools n. Evaluate the job to be done and study information available to know the type and size of tool needed to successfully complete the job. n For example a 12 oz. hammer would be good for driving brads while a 16 or 20 oz. hammer would be better for driving large nails.

Selecting Hand Tools n. Consider the number of times you will use the tool and the cost of the tool to determine whether to buy or rent the tool.

Anticipated Problem: What tools are needed to measure and mark materials in layout?

Layout Tools n. Tool used to measure or mark wood, metal, and other materials.

Measuring Devices n. Measuring is normally done using rulers, wooden folding rules, measuring tapes, or 100 foot wind up tapes n. Rulers: can be one foot, yardsticks, and meter sticks

Wooden Folding Rules n. Generally 6 foot long and their rigidness makes them useful in making vertical measurements.

Locking Tape Measures n. Come in lengths ranging from 6 foot to 30 foot, a width of ½ to 1 inch, they lock open, and use a spring to retract the tape with the push of a button.

Other Measuring Layout Tools n. Electronic Tape Measure n. Divider-----n. Marking Gauge----n. Chalk Line-----

Layout Tools:

100 Foot Wind Up Tape n 100 foot wind up tape is useful in building layout work where distances over 30 feet must be measured.

Standard English Measurement n. Most construction in this country is done using inches, feet, and yards n. Metric measurements using millimeters, centimeters, and meters is used in many other countries

Anticipated Problem: What tools are needed to cut, shape, and bore?

Once materials are measured and marked, they need to be cut, shaped, and bored as needed to prepare for assembling

Saws n. Classified by use and teeth per inch. n. An 8 -point saw would have 8 teeth per inch. n. Handsaws include the: n Crosscut, rip, compass or keyhole, coping and backsaw.

Crosscut Saw n. Used to cut across the grain of wood. n Use thumb to guide the starting of the cut while pulling the saw upwards slowly two or three times n. Saw to the line using long steady strokes with the saw at a 45 degree angle to the board

Ripsaw n. Used for sawing with the grain. n. Hold the saw at a 60 degree angle with the wood and use a wedge between the cut surfaces if the board binds.

Keyhole or Compass Saw n 12 to 14 inch long narrow saw that starts at about ½ inch wide at the handle tapering to a point at the end of the blade. n Used for cutting curves and circles. n. A hole is generally drilled as a way of starting the cut in the interior of a piece of wood.

Coping Saw n. Small saw with a very thin blade of fine teeth. n. Used for cutting intricate curves in thin material.

Backsaw n. Finish carpentry saw with fine teeth generally used in a miter box to cut molding and trim.

Shaping Tools n. Includes planes, wood chisel, and rasps.

Plane n. Tool used to smooth surfaces and change the size or shape of wood materials. n. Planes include: n. Jack Plane n. Smoothing Plane n. Block Plane

Jack Plane n. Usually 14 inches long n. Used for smoothing long surfaces by shaving with the grain of the wood (Pictures Courtesy, Interstate Publishers, Inc. )

Smoothing Plane n. Usually 8 inches long, n. Used with the grain and to finish smoothing (Pictures Courtesy, Interstate Publishers, Inc. )

Block Plane n. Usually 6 to 6½ inches long n. Used for smoothing the ends of boards by cutting across the grain. n. To avoid splitting corners, clamp a piece of wood on both edges of the board or plane from the edge toward the center. (Pictures Courtesy, Interstate Publishers, Inc. )

(Pictures Courtesy, Interstate Publishers, Inc. ) Wood Chisel n. Wedge-shaped cutting tool used to cut notches and shaving off excess wood n. Come in a variety of widths and are generally hit with a wooden mallet.

Wood Chisel n. Keep the chisel sharp for safe and effective use. n. To mark a slot turn the bevel of the chisel inward and up to cut shallow, and down to cut deep.

(Pictures Courtesy, Interstate Publishers, Inc. ) Wood Rasp n. Also known as a wood file n. Used for smoothing rough work and for removing small amounts of wood on curved and irregularshaped objects.

Wood Rasp n. Be sure the rasp has a handle. n n. Apply pressure on the forward stroke. n. Clean the rasp with a wire brush or file card.

Rasplane n. Wood rasp in the shape of a plane n. Use it in the same way as a wood rasp

Boring Tools n. Includes the nhand drill npush drill nbrace and bit

Hand Drill n. Device with gears that drive its bit much faster than the handle turns n. It is used for small holes when it is not convenient to use an electric drill (Pictures Courtesy, Interstate Publishers, Inc. )

Push Drill n. Also called an automatic drill n. Has a spiral-shaped shaft that turns clockwise when pushed against an object n. Can be operated with one hand, allowing the operator to hold the material being drilled with the other

Brace n. Device for holding and turning an auger bit (Pictures Courtesy, Interstate Publishers, Inc. )

Auger Bit n. Square tang to fit into the brace. n. The cutting end has a feed screw, cutting lips, and cutting spurs (Pictures Courtesy, Interstate Publishers, Inc. )

Auger Bit n. Drill until the feed screw begins to come through the wood, then back out the bit, and turn the wood over to finish the hole from the other side n. Prevents the wood from splintering out (Pictures Courtesy, Interstate Publishers, Inc. )

Anticipated Problem: What hand tools are used for holding and turning?

Holding or Gripping Tools n. Help complete the job quicker, easier, and safer n Clamps and vises n Used to hold or grip wood or metal while being cut, shaped, bored, and fastened n. Pliers, wrenches, and screwdrivers n Used at times for holding, gripping, or turning.

Clamps n. Types: n C-clamp n Bar clamp n Hand Screw clamp n Miter clamp n Spring clamps n Band clamp/Strap clamp/Pony clamp

C-Clamps n. Shaped like the letter C and n. Comes in sizes ranging from 2 to 10 inches (Pictures Courtesy, Interstate Publishers, Inc. )

Bar Clamps n. Adjustable clamp that can range from a few inches to six feet (Pictures Courtesy, Interstate Publishers, Inc. )

Hand Screw Clamps n. Requires two hands for tightening n. Can span up to 10 inches (Pictures Courtesy, Interstate Publishers, Inc. )

Miter Clamps n. Used for tightening corners n. Example: Making a picture frame. (Pictures Courtesy, Interstate Publishers, Inc. )

Spring Clamps n. New type of clamp tightened by squeezing the handle. n. Often used when fastening cabinet units together.

Band Clamps n. Also called a Strap clamp or Pony clamp n. Has many uses n. May be ratchet tightened n. Comes in a variety of lengths

Vises n. Types: n. Machinist’s vise, n. Blacksmith’s vise, n. Utility vise n. Pipe vise

Machinist’s Vise n. Made for heavy duty work n. Have jaws that grip materials to keep them from slipping n. Often mounted to a shop table. (Pictures Courtesy, Interstate Publishers, Inc. )

Blacksmith’s Vise n. Also made for heavy work n. Mounted on the edge of a table. n. Not as popular as it was in the days of the blacksmith. (Pictures Courtesy, Interstate Publishers, Inc. )

Utility Vise n. Has a small anvil on the back n. Has removable jaws

Pipe Vise n. Specially made to hold pipe without denting or flattening it

Pliers n. Types: n. Combination pliers n. Needle nose pliers n. Diagonal side cutting pliers n. Channel lock pliers n. Locking pliers

Combination Pliers n. Also called slip joint and adjustable n. Have two sizes n. Used to hold materials, turn bolts, and cut wire. (Pictures Courtesy, Interstate Publishers, Inc. )

Needle Nose Pliers n. Also called Long Round Nose pliers n. Used to Retrieve items, n Place items in tight quarters, and n Twist wire n (Pictures Courtesy, Interstate Publishers, Inc. )

Diagonal Side Cutting Pliers n. Used to cut wire. (Pictures Courtesy, Interstate Publishers, Inc. )

Channel Lock Pliers n. Several size adjustments n. Used to hold material such as pipe. (Pictures Courtesy, Interstate Publishers, Inc. )

Locking Pliers n. Commonly called vise grips n. Adjustable n. Can be locked on a nut, bolt, or pipe. (Pictures Courtesy, Interstate Publishers, Inc. )

Wrenches n. Used for gripping and tightening n. Include nadjustable nfixed jaw, jaw nsocket nset screw, and npipe wrenches.

Adjustable Jaw Wrenches n. Sometimes called crescent wrenches n. Sized by the length of the handle n. Can be adjusted to fix various sizes. n. When using the wrench, pull against the stronger, stationary jaw of the wrench.

Fixed Jaw Wrenches n. Either box end, open end, or a combination of the two. n. Box End n. Come as either 6 or 12 point n. Used when the nut is very tight on the bolt. (Pictures Courtesy, Interstate Publishers, Inc. )

Fixed Jaw Wrenches n. Open End Wrench n. Faster to use when loosening nuts n. Are generally offset to a 15 degree angle so that they can be flipped over to loosen nuts in tight quarters

Combination open-end box-end wrench n. Gives the advantages of both designs in the same wrench.

Socket Sets n. Can have 6 or 12 point sockets. n. Offer the option of a breaker bar to loosen tight nuts. n. Offer speed of a ratchet handle to loosen the nuts quickly (Pictures Courtesy, Interstate Publishers, Inc. )

Set screw or Allen wrenches n. Are hex shaped n. Used to turn set screws. (Pictures Courtesy, Interstate Publishers, Inc. )

Pipe wrenches n. Are adjustable n. Come in several sizes n. Used with pipe and large nuts n. Wrapping the pipe or nut may prevent leaving jaw marks when a pipe wrench is used. (Pictures Courtesy, Interstate Publishers, Inc. )

Screwdrivers n. Either: n. Standard n. Phillips

Standard or Flat Blade n. Used with standard size slots n. Select a screwdriver that fills the width and depth of the screw slot n. Longer handles give the maximum leverage for tightening and loosening (Pictures Courtesy, Interstate Publishers, Inc. )

Phillips or cross point n. Designed to be used with Phillips screw heads. n. Easier to tighten or loosen because the screwdriver is less likely to slip out of the screw slot n This is the main reason that Phillips screwdriver bits are often used with portable drills to tighten screws quickly. (Pictures Courtesy, Interstate Publishers, Inc. )

Anticipated Problem: What hand tools are used for driving and wrecking?

Driving and Wrecking Tools n. Driving tools n. To fasten building materials together. n. Examples: n Hammers and Staplers

Driving and Wrecking Tools n. To take building materials apart n. Examples: n Crowbars, flat bars, cat’s paw, and tack removers

Driving Tools n. Include n. Curved Claw hammers n. Straight Claw hammers n. Wooden Mallets n. Rubber Mallets n. Sledge Hammers

Curved Claw hammers n. Most commonly used hammers to drive and pull nails. n. Handles may be wood, metal, or fiberglass.

Curved Claw hammers n 12 oz. hammer would be good for brads. n 16 oz. hammer would be a good general purpose hammer. n 20 oz. hammer would be good to drive 16 and 20 penny spikes.

Using a Curved Claw Hammer n. Whatever the nail size: n Hold the nail n Tap it until it will stand on its own n Then grip the handle near the end hitting the nail square with a long swinging stroke. (Pictures Courtesy, Interstate Publishers, Inc. )

Using a Curved Claw Hammer n. Resist the temptation to hit the nail one too many times leaving your hammer print in the wood. (Pictures Courtesy, Interstate Publishers, Inc. )

Straight Claw hammers n. Can be used to rip boards. n. Just as good as the curved claw hammer for driving nails n. Not as effective when trying to pull bent nails (Pictures Courtesy, Interstate Publishers, Inc. )

Mallets n. Wooden Mallets may be used with wood chisels made with a metal shank. n. Rubber Mallets are useful when there is concern of damaging the material that is being driven. (Pictures Courtesy, Interstate Publishers, Inc. )

Sledge hammer n. Large hammer (5 to 10 pound) with a long handle n. Used for driving stakes, wrecking materials that need to be removed, etc. n. For maximum delivery of power with the sledge two hands need to be on the handle. (Pictures Courtesy, Interstate Publishers, Inc. )

Wrecking Tools n. Includes: n. Crow Bars n. Flat Bars n. Cat’s Paw n. Tack Puller

Crow Bars n. Have a straight end a curved end n. Nail pulling notch in both ends n. Used to pull nails and pry materials apart

Flat Bars n. Also called wonder bars n. Flat with one straight end and one right angle bend n. Work well for pulling nails that are already part way out

Cat’s Paw n. Small bar with a curved end and nail pulling notch n. Works well by digging out nails that are completely set in the wood.

Tack Puller n. Size of a small screwdriver with a notch in the end n. Used for pulling tacks or small nails. n. Works well for pulling roofing nails.

Review n Identify hand tools. How are they used? n Identify layout tools. How are they used? n Identify cutting, shaping, and boring tools. How are they used? n Identify holding and turning tools. How are they used? n Identify driving and wrecking tools. How are they used?