Lesson 6 Perspective taking and the limits of

Lesson 6: Perspective taking and the limits of legal “Not walking or rejecting ‘nearly- walking’ as a personal choice is something different however; it threatens the power of professionals, it exposes the ideology of normality and it challenges the whole rehabilitation enterprise” (Oliver, 2009, p. 36) 12/29/2021 1

Purpose The purpose of this lesson is to examine the social injustices that are created when we as a society permits “legal” to determine what opportunities there and defines the limitations for individuals with physical impairments to play and recreate. Furthermore, participants will learn a social justice moral perspective about the limits of “legal” to morally serve individuals with physical impairments. 12/29/2021 2

Historically Throughout history, there have been many laws of the land. Three notable laws were: the Mosaic Law, the Roman law, and the Hebraic Pharisees. The Mosaic law was the law of Moses. The Roman law was in place to serve the Republic. The Hebraic Pharisees law was when the Pharisees were there to collect taxes… no matter what. However, what do all of these laws have in common? The laws paid no attention to the individual rights, of course, our laws are different, or are they? Perhaps, today’s society is not much better. 12/29/2021 3

US Law The United States Congress passed three laws to include people with impairments. The first law is the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. This law forbids any organization who receives federal funding to discriminate. The second law was the American Disabilities Act of 1990. This law prohibits discrimination in public areas including: transportation, schools, and work. The third law enacted was the Individuals with Disability Education Act of 2004. This law allows students to have a free least restrictive environment for education. 12/29/2021 4

Three US laws that prohibit discrimination and provide inclusion Unfortunately, laws are interpreted, and all states are allowed to interpret the law. Meaning, the state defines reasonable accommodations and each state is different on how they interpret the laws. Therefore, one state can be very good and the child has many accommodations while a different state may find otherwise. 12/29/2021 5

Limits of legal… With the interpretation of the law, there are limits to inclusion. Here are some examples… Most districts and businesses meet the minimum requirements. In the show Speechless this is shown by the principal saying that the ramp in the back of the school is an acceptable alternative access. The mother then explains that the school will be building a ramp in the front of the school right next to the stairs. Time- 0: 00 -0: 51 https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=o. RWp. Pwv. TA 3 M&frags=pl %2 Cwn The limits of legal often lead to a discrepancy of what we really do compared to what we “should” do. We should take the individuals needs into account but we often do not do that. 12/29/2021 6

Match the descriptors to either Discrimination or Exclusion 6. 1 Kids being pushed by their aide during physical education 6. 2 Taking pity on the people who have physical impairments 6. 3 Students with physical impairments being referees rather than playing 6. 4 We cannot fundamentally change the game… 6. 5 A Student with a physical impairment is a helper rather actually playing 6. 6 Cannot think beyond what is… Discrimination Exclusion Link of Qualtrics https: //uidaho. co 1. qualtrics. com/jfe/form/S V_c. Zri. U 1 F 261 Yga 4 l 12/29/2021 7

Current social injustices Here are the correct answers to the above activity. We have to stop, think, and reflect about what descriptor goes to what category. Exclusion Kids being pushed by their aide during physical education The students being referees rather than playing A student is assigned to be a student helper rather actually playing Discrimination Taking pity on the people who have physical impairments We cannot fundamentally change the game… Cannot think beyond what is… 12/29/2021 8

Beneficence An important moral value to perspective taking is beneficence. Beneficence is unique because it has four parts: Do no harm, Remove harm, Prevent harm, and Actually do good. Furthermore, one could argue that beneficence actually supports excluding behavior because there is a possibility of the student with a disability getting injured. However, this argument should not outweigh the benefits of inclusion. As a person being involved with sport and activity you know every game has risks. As a player you accept the risk to play. This should not be any different when it comes to students with physical disabilities. The element of harm always exists in game play 12/29/2021 9

Harm- Two examples of harm… What is the difference? Watch clip of students getting nailed in head… 0: 34 -0: 36 https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=78 Ex 9 y. H 3 qe. A&frags=pl%2 Cwn As an athlete with a physical disability, I have kicked a soccer ball many times and have hit other athletes with physical disabilities in the head with the ball. 6. 7 What is the difference between the two? https: //uidaho. co 1. qualtrics. com/jfe/form/SV_6 e. SUPx. KUsot. Tq 9 D 12/29/2021 10

Is it True - Honest A third moral value that is important is honesty. Honesty is defined as, “of trustworthiness in which an individual can be depended on to not lie, cheat, or steal” (Lumpkin, Stoll, & Beller, 2003, p. 267). 12/29/2021 11

Is it True - Honest When we are thinking about honesty in relation to the issues of inclusion with students who have physical impairments we should ask ourselves this question…Are we really being honest when we do not give the same opportunities to people with physical disabilities that we would want for ourselves? Qualtrics 6. 8 https: //uidaho. co 1. qualtrics. com/jfe/form/SV_agc. Kk. Sowct. Yek. QZ 12/29/2021 12

Is it True - Honest Because essentially in this moment we are perspective taking. As a person who is in the field of helping students develop motor skills and knowledge, you know you would not want that if you were a student. 12/29/2021 13

Does the school have a responsibility to go beyond the minimal requirements of the law? Link into Qualtrics https: //uidaho. co 1. qualtrics. com/jfe/form/SV_e. WYh. U 6 RF 4 u 7 sgy 9 12/29/2021 14

Does the school have a responsibility to go beyond the minimal requirements of the law? Yes- Qualtrics -6. 9 Correct, Schools do have a responsibility to go beyond the requirements. The argument intertwines with perspective taking. They are intertwined because if you were a student with a physical impairment you would want to have the opportunities to play and be involved. No- Qualtrics- 6. 9. 1 Some might say that this is correct but in this case it is incorrect. This is the age old argument about what we do and what we should do. School districts should go beyond the least minimum standard to help the students with physical impairments be just as successful as students without physical impairments. 12/29/2021 15

Fundamentality changing the game… A student with a physical impairment asks, “May I play? ” The teacher says, ‘Well to include you means we would have to fundamentally change the game. So, no you cannot play”. How would you address this? Should games be fundamentally changed to include all? Or does changing the games to include all deny the essence of the fundamental game? 6. 9. 2 -Write a few sentences… https: //uidaho. co 1. qualtrics. com/jfe/form/SV_2 aze. Sx 9 ruv 4 c. HK 5 12/29/2021 16

Conclusion The point of the lesson was to argue that legal does not have all answers and teachers should go beyond legal. There are limits to legal and just because we have laws does not mean that people are following them. Furthermore, we discussed moral values such as beneficence, justice, and honesty. There are important to perspective taking as they will help guide us to do the right. 12/29/2021 17

Question of Right Choice- Is it Fair? What is the social moral perspective? Justice is another important moral value. Justice is defined as, “A universal moral value in which the essential nature of fairness and equity should be applied to all people. Justice in sport refers to ‘making a level playing field’ either in constitutive rules or for past inadequacies, social injustices, or physical or mental handicaps ” (Lumpkin, Stoll, & Beller, 2003). Is justice served when there is exclusion? Some might say yes it is because they are playing already then they do not know what exclusion is or what it feels like. We have to think about how to make a level playing field. 12/29/2021 18

Final reflection and at least one lesson learned Please link here to give at least one thing or concept you learned from this particular lesson. If you have any questions please add here as well. https: //uidaho. co 1. qualtrics. com/jfe/form/SV_5 p 4 Sm. Bp. Xy 1 b. Msh. T 12/29/2021 19

You have fully completed the perspective taking study towards people who are differently abled. Thank you! The researchers hope that you have learned something that you can use in the future. We would like to have your feedback about the lessons. Please link into Qualtrics to give your feedback. https: //uidaho. co 1. qualtrics. com/jfe/form/SV_8 pn 0 av. Fl. F 9 brelf 12/29/2021 20