Lesson 4 War at the Dawn of the

Lesson 4 War at the Dawn of the 20 th Century: The Emergence of Total War 1

Lesson Objectives • Build a foundation for understanding the wars of the 20 th century. • Understand describe the concept of Military Revolutions and how they have impacted the evolution of modern war. • Describe how weapon technology changed the character of war at the beginning of the 20 th century. • Define total war and describe its roots in the 19 th century. 2

Which War? 3

Which War? 4

Which War? French infantry - 1914 5

Which War? Petersburg VA 1865 6

Two Concepts Military Revolution Total War 7

Military Revolution Concept first introduced by Michael Roberts The Military Revolution 1560 -1660 Lecture first delivered at Queen’s University, Belfast, 1955 • Gunpowder influenced changes in strategy & tactics • Significant increase in size of armies • Increased human & material cost of war Richard Kagan, in a review of The Military Revolution: Military Innovation and the Rise of the West, 1500 -1800 by Geoffrey Parker Reviewed in Journal of Interdisciplinary History (Spring 1989) 8

Military Revolution “ ‘radical military innovation. . . that fundamentally changes the framework of war’ … “… involving social, political, and military cultures and organizations … in ‘uncontrollable, unpredictable, and unforeseeable” patterns of change that render former systems and methods obsolete or irrelevant ‘ Produce Significant Change at the Strategic Level of War Lt Col Anthony C. Cain, USAF Review of The Dynamics of Military Revolution, 1300– 2050 edited by Mac. Gregor Knox and Williamson Murray, 2001 9

Ten Military Revolutions Infantry Revolution Artillery Revolution of Sail and Shot 16 th-18 th Centuries Fortress Revolution Gunpowder Revolution Napoleonic Revolution 19 th Century Land Warfare Revolution Naval Revolution Interwar Revolutions in Mechanization, Aviation, and Information 20 th Century Nuclear Revolution Andrew F. Krepinevich “Cavalry to computer: the pattern of military revolutions” The National Interest, Fall 1994 10

Ten Military Revolutions 19 th Century Infantry Revolution Artillery Revolution of Sail and Shot Fortress Revolution Napoleonic Revolution Gunpowder Revolution Napoleonic Revolution Land Warfare Revolution Naval Revolution Interwar Revolutions in Mechanization, Aviation, and Information Nuclear Revolution 11

Linear Warfare 18 th Century Battle of Fontenoy Belgium, 1745 12

Napoleonic Revolution Late 18 th to early 19 th century Levee en masse produced huge armies • Spirited, motivated “citizens”overcame obstacles • Losses not a significant factor Tools of Industrial Revolution supported large armies Also: New, large formations: division, corps Exploited artillery & gunpowder revolutions • Technology produced lighter, more mobile artillery • Standardized artillery “systems” 13 A

Land Warfare Revolution Mid- to late-19 th century Quantum leaps in mobility, firepower, communications • Rifled firearms, machine guns 14 A

Brown Bess Classic Musket Statistics: • Length varied: 58” to 62” (1. 47 m to 1. 57 m) • Weight: about 10 pounds (4. 5 kg) • Caliber: 0. 75 inch (19 mm) 15

19 th Century Firearms Brown Bess . 75 cal c 1740 - Effective Range: ~ 100 m Flintlock M 1842 Springfield Musket . 69 cal - Effective Range: ~ 100 m Percussion cap 16

Rifled Firearms Transition from musket to rifle Needed some method to ease loading of a rifled projectile 17

In History, Things Aren’t Always What They Seem The Minié Ball … wasn’t! The Battle of Bunker Hill not fought on Bunker Hill 18

In History, Things Aren’t The Minié Ball Always What They Seem The Minié Ball … wasn’t! 19 A

The Minié Ball As used in the Civil War, • Not invented by Minié , and • Not a ball 20 A

The Minié Bullet Developed by French officer, Claude Minié 1848 21

Burton Bullet Developed by James H. Burton Harpers Ferry, c. 1849 Minié Bullet Burton Bullet 22

Burton Bullet 23

19 th Century Firearms Brown Bess . 75 cal c 1740 - Effective Range: ~ 100 m M 1842 Springfield Musket . 69 cal - Effective Range: ~ 100 m M 1861 Springfield Rifle . 58 cal - Effective Range: ~ 400 m

Civil War Tactics (You. Tube: 7: 38) ( "The Circle of Modern War" and logo © Thomas D. Pilsch 2007 -2013

Rifled Firearms Breech Loading “Trapdoor” Springfield M 1873 Rifle . 45 cal - Effective Range: ~ 400 m Springfield M 1873 Carbine. 45 cal - Effective Range: ~ 300 m 7 th Cavalry weapon at the Little Big Horn

Rifled Firearms Magazine Loading French Lebel M 1886 8 mm - Effective Range: ~ 500 m Tubular Magazine (8 Rounds) http: //www. sbhac. net/Republica/Fuerzas/Armas/Infanteria/Fusiles. htm 27

Rifled Firearms Magazine Loading Epitomized by the Mauser Gewehr M 1898 7. 92 mm - �Effective Range: ~ 500 m 28

Mauser M 1898 Gewehr Clip & chamber World Guns http: //world. guns. ru/rifle/rfl 02 -e. htm 29

Machine Guns 30

Gatling Gun http: //static. howstuffworks. com/flash/machine-gun-gatling. swf 31

Hiram Maxim 1840 -1916 32

Maxim Gun Invented in 1884 First adopted by the British in 1889 33

Maxim Gun Recoil-driven Operation • Force of recoil opens bolt and cocks weapon Recoil Mechanism Demonstration (click on trigger) Belt-fed • Initially cloth belts • Later metal links Ammunition Feed System Demonstration (click on trigger) 34

History of the Maxim Gun Tales of the Gun: Early Machine Guns (You. Tube: 25: 02 -32: 21) "The Circle of Modern War" and logo © Thomas D. Pilsch 2007 -2013

Maxim Gun Widely Deployed Russian Sukolov 1910 US M 1917 Browning German MG 1908 British Vickers Gun 36

Land Warfare Revolution Mid- to late-19 th century Quantum leaps in mobility, firepower, communications • Rifled firearms, machine guns, rifled artillery 37 A

Artillery Breech Loading Stronger steels Smokeless powder (more powerful) Improved recoil mechanisms 38

Breech Loading Fixed Ammunition: Cartridge provides tight seal Naval Ordnance and Gunnery http: //www. eugeneleeslover. com/USNAVY/GUN-BARL-CONSTRUCTION-1. html 39

Improved Metallurgy Stronger metals allowed thinner breeches, barrels Naval Ordnance and Gunnery http: //www. eugeneleeslover. com/USNAVY/GUN-BARL-CONSTRUCTION-1. html 40

Recoil Mechanisms “French 75” M 1897 75 mm cannon 41

Recoil Mechanisms French 75 Demonstration http: //canonde 75. free. fr/photos/freintir/freinrecul. swf 42

Late 19 th Century Artillery 3: 09 "The Circle of Modern War" and logo © Thomas D. Pilsch 2007 -2013

Land Warfare Revolution Mid- to late-19 th century Quantum leaps in mobility, firepower, communications • Rifled firearms, machine guns, rifled artillery • Railroads enhanced mobility, supply • Telegraph facilitated massing of forces Intensity, scope of warfare increased • Campaigns of constant maneuver • Economic instrument of power more relevant • Production infrastructure became a target of war 44 A

Land Warfare Revolution Mid- to late-19 th century Quantum leaps in mobility, firepower, communications • Rifled firearms, machine guns, rifled artillery • Railroads enhanced mobility, supply • Telegraph facilitated massing of forces Intensity, scope of warfare increased • Campaigns of constant maneuver • Emergence of Total War Battles produce massive casualties because … • Tactics not adapted to firepower 45 A

Naval Revolution Late 19 th, early 20 th century Technology-driven: • Steam power (first reciprocating, then turbine) 46 A

Naval Advancements Propulsion Speed: 8 knots USS Monitor - 1862 Two cylinder single expansion steam engine 47

Naval Propulsion Single Expansion Steam Engine 48

Naval Advancements Propulsion Speed: 8 knots Two cylinder single expansion steam engine USS Monitor - 1862 Speed: 15 knots Triple expansion steam engine USS Maine - 1895 49

Naval Propulsion 50

Naval Advancements Propulsion Speed: 8 knots Two cylinder single expansion steam engine USS Monitor - 1862 Speed: 15 knots Triple expansion steam engine USS Maine - 1895 Speed: 21 knots HMS Dreadnaught - 1906 Steam turbine 51

Naval Propulsion Rotor Steam Turbine Coupled Turbines 52

Naval Revolution Late 19 th, early 20 th century Technology-driven: • Steam power (first reciprocating, then turbine) • Iron, later steel hulls • Long-range rifled artillery 53 A

Naval Advancements Armament Two 11 in smoothbore ML USS Monitor - 1862 54

Naval Advancements Armament Turret, USS Monitor c 1862 55

Naval Advancements Armament Two 11 in smoothbore ML USS Monitor - 1862 Four 10 in rifles Six 6 in rifles USS Maine - 1895 56

Naval Advancements Armament 5 in. gun position, USS Olympia 57

Naval Advancements Armament Two 11 in smoothbore ML USS Monitor - 1862 Four 10 in rifles Six 6 in rifles USS Maine - 1895 Ten 12 in/45 rifles HMS Dreadnaught - 1906 58

Naval Advancements Armament Large caliber gun turret, c 1900 59

Naval Revolution Late 19 th, early 20 th century All big-gun battleship (Dreadnaught) HMS Dreadnaught - 1906 60

Naval Revolution Late 19 th, early 20 th century Technology-driven: • Steam power (first reciprocating, then turbine) • Iron, later steel hulls • Long-range rifled artillery Expense favored large powers 61 A

Rush of Technology + 44 years USS Monitor - 1862 HMS Dreadnaught - 1906 Two 11 in smoothbore ML Ten 12 in/45 rifles Speed: 8 knots Speed: 21 knots + 44 years SE-5 - 1917 �Speed: 138 mph F-4 Phantom II - 1961 Speed: 1, 200+ mph 62

Naval Revolution Late 19 th, early 20 th century All big-gun battleship (Dreadnaught) HMS Dreadnaught - 1906 Submarines 63

Naval Revolution Late 19 th, early 20 th century Technology-driven: • Steam power (first reciprocating, then turbine) • Iron, later steel hulls • Long-range rifled artillery Expense favored large powers Emergence of submarine, self-propelled torpedo • Spawned submarine blockade as new form of war 64 A

Submarine Development David Bushnell’s Turtle First submarine attack against a warship HMS Eagle - New York harbor, 1776 (unsuccessful) 65

Submarine Development CSS Hunley First successful attack against a warship USS Housatonic - Charleston, 1864 66

Submarine Development USS Holland c 1897 First submarine to combine internal combustion engine for surface propulsion and electric motor for underwater 67

Naval Revolution Late 19 th, early 20 th century All big-gun battleship (Dreadnaught) HMS Dreadnaught - 1906 Submarines USS Holland - 1897 68

Military Revolutions Late 19 th Century Land Warfare Revolution Naval Revolution All the significant weapons of World War I were in place: • Breech loading rifled artillery • Machine gun • Full power rifle • All big-gun fast battleship • Submarine 69

Total War A military conflict in which nations mobilize all available resources in order to destroy another nation's ability to engage in war. Wikipedia Military conflict in which the contenders mobilize all of their civilian and military resources in order to obtain a complete victory. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia A war that is unrestricted in terms of the weapons used, the territory or combatants involved, or the objectives pursued , especially one in which the laws of war are disregarded. US Military Dictionary 70

Total War Total war: one in which the whole population and all the resources of the combatants are committed to complete victory French Revolutionary Wars 1792 -1802 • Levée en Masse - 1793 • “Nation in arms” 71

Total War Total war: one in which the whole population and all the resources of the combatants are committed to complete victory … and thus become legitimate military targets. . . U. S. Civil War 1861 -1865 • Sheridan’s Shenandoah Valley Campaign - 1864 -65 • Atlanta - 1864 • Sherman’s Georgia Campaign - 1864 72

Total War Total war: one in which the whole population and all the resources of the combatants are committed to complete victory … and thus become legitimate military targets. . . … and the laws of warfare ignored. 20 th Century Wars • Aerial Bombardment • Submarine Warfare • WMD 73

Total War (Our Working Definition) Total war: one in which the whole population and all the resources of the combatants are committed to complete victory … and thus become legitimate military targets. . . … and the laws of warfare disregarded. Hugh Bicheno Oxford Companion to Military History 74

Characteristics of Total War TOTAL mobilization of society HUGE armies MASSIVE casualties & destruction High loss of life Insatiable material requirements Infrastructure & productivity disrupted Economic Instrument of Power paramount! 75

Next: Lesson 5 WWI: 1914 The Lights Go Out Across Europe 76

Lesson Objectives • Understand be able to discuss the major causes of World War I. • Be able to describe the opening moves of the war in Europe. • Be able to describe the Schlieffen Plan and its modifications prior to August 1914. • Begin to understand why the opening moves of the war did not go as anyone planned. 77

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Rush of Technology + 44 years USS Monitor - 1862 HMS Dreadnaught - 1906 Two 11 in smoothbore ML Ten 12 in/45 rifles Speed: 8 knots Speed: 21 knots + 44 years SE-5 - 1917 �Speed: 138 mph F-4 Phantom II - 1961 Speed: 1, 200+ mph 80