Lesson 22 Incomplete Noun Clauses Noun clauses are

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Lesson 22. Incomplete Noun Clauses • Noun clauses are third type of subordinate clause.

Lesson 22. Incomplete Noun Clauses • Noun clauses are third type of subordinate clause. They begin with noun clause markers. Noun clauses that are formed from statements begin with the noun clause marker that. Noun clauses formed from yes/no questions begin with the noun clause markers whether or if. Those formed from information questions begin with wh- words: what, where, when, and so on.

q EXAMPLE: 1 Dr. Hopkins' office is in this building. (statement) I'm sure that

q EXAMPLE: 1 Dr. Hopkins' office is in this building. (statement) I'm sure that Dr. Hopkins' office is in this building. 2 Is Dr. Hopkins' office on this floor? (yes/no question) I don't know if (whether) Dr. Hopkins' office is on this floor. 3 Where is Dr. Hopkins' office? (information question) Please tell me where Dr. Hopkins' office is Notice that the word order in direct questions is not the same as it is in noun clauses. The noun clause follows statement word order (subject+ verb), not question word order (auxiliary+ subject+ main verb). Often one of the distractors for noun clause items will incorrectly follow question word order.

*I don't know what is her name. (Incorrect use of question word order) I

*I don't know what is her name. (Incorrect use of question word order) I don't know what her name is. (Correct word order) *She called him to ask what time did his party start. (Incorrect use of question word order) She called him to ask what time his party started. (Correct word order) Noun clauses function exactly as nouns do: as subjects, as direct objects, or as complements after the verb to be. When the meeting will be held has not been decided. (noun clause as subject) The weather announcer said that there will be thunderstorms. (noun clause as direct object) This is what you need. (noun clause after to be)

Notice that when the noun clause is the subject of a sentence, the verb

Notice that when the noun clause is the subject of a sentence, the verb in the main clause does not have a noun or pronoun subject. In Structure items, the noun clause marker, along with any other part of the noun clause subject, verb, and so on may be missing from the stem, or the whole noun clause may be missing. Exercise 22 l. _ (D) That raindrops 2. (B) how fleas are 3. (A) that Anna Winlock 4. (D) What ecologists call a "gallery forest"

LESSON 23 : MISSING OR INCOMPLETE PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES • A prepositional phrase consists of

LESSON 23 : MISSING OR INCOMPLETE PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES • A prepositional phrase consists of a preposition (in, at, with, for, until, and so on) followed by a noun phrase or pronoun, which is called the prepositional object. Prepositional phrases often describe relationships of time and location, among others. • In the autumn, maple leaves turn red. • Beacon Hill is one of the most famous neighbourhoods in Boston. With luck, there won't be any more problems.

q Example • This house was built by John's grandfather. Often, prepositional phrases come

q Example • This house was built by John's grandfather. Often, prepositional phrases come at the beginning of sentences, but they may appear in other parts of the sentence as well. The correct answer for this type of item may be a preposition, its object, or both, as well as other parts of the sentence. You may see prepositions in distractors, especially before the subject of a sentence. Remember, the object of a preposition cannot correctly be the subject of a sentence, as in these examples:

Sample Items ______ the unaided eye can see about 6, 000 stars. (A) A

Sample Items ______ the unaided eye can see about 6, 000 stars. (A) A clear night (B)It's a clear night (C) On a clear night (D) When a clear night Choice (A) is incorrect because there is no connector to join the noun phrase a clear night to the rest of the sentence. Choice (B) consists of an independent clause, but there is no connector to join it to the other clause. (D) seems to form a subordinate clause, but the clause lacks a verb. • Exercise 23 1. 2. 3. _ (C) __ (B) __ (A)