Lesson 2 Objectives The learner 4 differentiates quantitative

Lesson 2, Objectives : The learner 4. differentiates quantitative from qualitative research 5. provide examples of research in areas of interest (arts, humanities, sports, science, business, agriculture and fisheries, information and communication technology, and social inquiry)

Tell whether the following is an IP topic or not: 1. Effects of Typhoon 2. Digestion process due to exercise 3. sleeping patterns of birds 4. skipping rope 5. perception of Mandaya tribe 6. pin pricking effects 7. ticking of the clock 8. flying kites 9. wild berries ink 10. behavioral patterns 11. breast walking with music 12. breast walking in park 13. moon and behavior 14. bread and butter 15. grades and teaching

Let the students identify whether the following is a quantitative or qualitative research: 1. Metacognitive skills 2. love and hate relationship 3. emotional quotient 4. intelligent quotient 5. factors affecting drop out 6. Stress level 7. Stressors 8. Aggression-reaction 9. Technical skills 10. Behavior pattern

What is qualitative research? Qualitative research is a type of scientific research. In general terms, scientific research consists of an investigation that: • seeks answers to a question • systematically uses a predefined set of procedures to answer the question • collects evidence • produces findings that were not determined in advance • produces findings that are applicable beyond the immediate boundaries of the study Qualitative research is especially effective in obtaining culturally specific information about the values, opinions, behaviors, and social contexts of particular populations.

Qualitative Research • Mc. Millan and Schumacher (2003) defined qualitative research as, “primarily an inductive process of organizing data into categories and identifying patterns (relationships) among categories. ” This definition implies that data and meaning emerge “organically” from the research context. Also called : interpretive research, naturalistic research, phenomenological research

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH • ‘Qualitative Research…involves finding out what people think, and how they feel - or at any rate, what they say they think and how they say they feel. This kind of information is subjective. It involves feelings and impressions, rather than numbers’ • Bellenger, Bernhardt and Goldstucker, Qualitative Research in Marketing, American Marketing Association

Comparing Quantitative and Qualitative Research What are the basic differences between quantitative and qualitative research methods? Quantitative and qualitative research methods differ primarily in: • their analytical objectives • the types of questions they pose • the types of data collection instruments they use • the forms of data they produce • the degree of flexibility built into study design

Quantitative General framework Seek to confirm hypotheses about phenomena Instruments use more rigid style of eliciting and categorizing responses to questions Use highly structured methods such as questionnaires, surveys, and structured observation Analytical objectives To quantify variation To predict causal relationships To describe characteristics of a population Qualitative Seek to explore phenomena Instruments use more flexible, iterative style of eliciting and categorizing responses to questions Use semi-structured methods such as in-depth interviews, focus groups, and participant observation To describe variation To describe and explain relationships To describe individual experiences To describe group norms Question format Data format Closed-ended Open-ended Numerical (obtained by assigning Textual (obtained from numerical values to responses) audiotapes, videotapes, and field notes)

Flexibility in study design Study design is stable from beginning to end Some aspects of the study are flexible (for example, the addition, exclusion, or wording of particular interview questions) Participant responses do not Participant responses affect how influence or determine how and which questions researchers ask next Study design is subject to statistical assumptions and conditions Study design is iterative, that is, data collection and research questions are adjusted according to what is learned

QUALITATIVE VS QUANTITATIVE

How do you apply The Research Thrusts of 21 st century Health and Welfare Food Production and Sustainability Social Awareness Conservation and Environment Safety Culture and Arts Technology and Development