Lesson 17 Incomplete Independent Clauses 7 Lesson 18

ﺧﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺴﻪ ﺑﻘﺎﻋﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮﺍﺕ ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺮﺭ : ﺃﻮﻻ Lesson 17. Incomplete Independent Clauses …………… 7 Lesson 18. Incomplete Adjective Cl. Participial Phrases ………………. . 17 Lesson 19. Incomplete or Missing ………………… ……. . 25 Lesson 20. Incomplete or Missing Appositives ……………. . 30 Lesson 21. Incomplete Adverb Clauses ………………. 34 • • • ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ : ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ Lesson 22. Incomplete Noun Clauses Lesson 23. Missing or Incomplete Prepositional Phrases Lesson 24. Word Order Items Lesson 25. Items Involving Verb Problems Lesson 26. Incomplete or Missing Infinitive and Gerund Phrases Lesson 27. Items Involving Parallel Structures Lesson 28. Items Involving Misplaced Modifiers Lesson 29. Incomplete or Missing Comparisons Lesson 30. Missing Conjunctions Lesson 31. Missing Negative Words Lesson 32. Errors with Word Forms

ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺮﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺟﺎﺀ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺮﺭﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﻻﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻻﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮﺓ 53 -45 ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺹ Lesson 22 Incomplete Noun Clauses(P. 45) • Noun clauses are third type of subordinate clause. They begin with noun-clause markers. See Page 45 • EXAMPLE: 1 - Dr. Hopkins' office is in this building. (statement) I'm sure that Dr. Hopkins' office is in this building. 2 - Is Dr. Hopkins' office on this floor? (yes/no question) I don't know if (whether) Dr. Hopkins' office is on this floor. 3 - Where is Dr. Hopkins' office? Noun clauses function exactly as nouns do: as subjects, as direct objects, or as complements after the verb to be. See Page 46 When the meeting will be held has not been decided. (noun clause as subject) The weather announcer said that there will be thunderstorms. (noun clause as direct object) This is what you need. (noun clause after to be) Exercise 22( NOTE: For extra exercises look the book p. 47 -49) l. _ (D) That raindrops 2. (B) how fleas are 3. (A) that Anna Winlock 4. (D) What ecologists call a "gallery forest"

LESSON 23 MISSING OR INCOMPLETE PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES (P. 50) A prepositional phrase consists of a preposition (in, at, with, for, until, and so on) followed by a noun phrase or pronoun, which is called the prepositional object. Prepositional phrases often describe relationships of time and location, among others. • In the autumn, maple leaves turn red. • This house was built by John's grandfather. For more information and exercises on this lesson, please revise your book page 50. Example Often, prepositional phrases come at the beginning of sentences, but they may appear in other parts of the sentence as well. See Page 50 Sample Items ______ the unaided eye can see about 6, 000 stars. (A) A clear night (B)It's a clear night (C) On a clear night (D) When a clear night • Exercise 23(NOTE: For extra exercises look the book p. 51 -53) 1. _ (C) 2. __ (B) __ (A)

25 -24 ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺱ LESSON 24 : WORD ORDER ITEMS ( P. 54 -60) All of the answer choices for a Structure item involving word order contain more or less the same words, but they are arranged in four different orders. The word order is "scrambled"' in three choices; one is correct. Most items consist of three or four words. (A) XY Z (B) Y X Z (C)ZY X (D)X ZY Word order problems are easy to identify because the answer choices are exactly-or almost exactly-the same length, so the answer choices form a rectangle. (A) so far away from (B) away so far from (C) from so far away (D) away from so far • Word order items are the only Structure items in which the distractors can be ungrammatical. In other Structure problems, distractors are always correct in some context. However, at least two of the choices may be grammatical. The correct choice depends on the context of the sentence A special type of word order problem involves inversions. This type of sentence uses question word order even though the sentence is not a question. When are inversions used?

When the negative words listed below are placed at the beginning of a clause for emphasis See Page 55 not only never not until seldom not once rarely at no time scarcely by no means no sooner Nowhere When the following expressions beginning with only occur at the beginning of a sentence ( with these expressions the subject and verb of the second clause are inverted) See Page 55 Only if only when Only because only after Only until When the following expressions beginning with only occur at the beginning of a sentence ( with these expressions the subject and verb of the second clause are inverted) See Page 56 • When clauses beginning with the word so + an adjective or participle occur at the beginning of a sentence See Page 56 When clauses beginning with expressions of place or order occur at the start of a sentence (in these cases, the subject and main verb are inverted since auxiliary verbs are not used as they would be in most questions) See Page 56

Sample Items • Andromeda is a galaxy containing millions of individual • stars, but it is ______ Earth that it looks like a blurry patch of light. (A)so far away from (B)away so far from (C)from so far away (D)away from so far Exercise 24(NOTE: For extra exercises look the book p. 57 - 60) 1. Hills known as land islands, or salt domes, are ______ Louisiana's marshlands. (A) 2. ______ of chamber music is the string quartet. (B) 3. Not until the seventeenth century ______ to measure the speed of light. (A) 4. Alfalfa is ______ for livestock(C).

LESSON 25 : ITEMS INVOLVING VERB PROBLEMS (P. 61 -64) The answer choices for this type of problem are all or almost all different forms of the same verb. From the context of the sentence stem, you'll have to decide which form works best in the sentence. Distractors are generally incorrect for one of these reasons: ■ The "verb" is not really a verb. Used alone, an infinitive, gerund, or participle cannot be a main verb. ■ The verb is active but should be passive, or it is passive but should be active. If the subject of the sentence performs the action, the verb must be in the active voice. If the subject of the sentence receives the action, the verb must be in the passive. The architect designed the building. (active verb) The building was designed by the architect. (passive verb) ■ The verb does not agree with its subject. Singular subjects require singular verbs; plural subjects require plural verbs. ■The verb is not in the right tense. According to the time words or ideas in the sentence, the appropriate tense must be used. ■An unnecessary element comes before the verb. Personal pronouns (he, she, it), relative pronouns (who, which, that, and so on), or conjunctions (and, but, and so on) may be unnecessarily before verbs in some sentences Sample Item Before the late eighteenth century, most textiles_____ at home. (A) produced (B) was produced(C) producing(D) were produced Exercise 25( NOTE: for extra excercises look the book p. 62 - 64). 1. R. M. Bartlett of Philadelphia ______ the first private business college in the United States in 1843. (B) _ founded 2. In 1989 the space probe Voyager 2 ______ by the planet Neptune(D)flew. 3. A cupful of stagnant water may ______ millions of microorganisms(C). 4. Computers and new methods of communication ______ revolutionized the modern office. (A) have

27 -26 ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮﺓ ﺍﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺱ LESSON 26 : INCOMPLETE OR MISSING INFINITIVE AND GERUND PHRASES (P. 65) An infinitive is a verbal form that consists of the word to and the simple form of the verb: to be, to go, to give, to build. See Page 55 Infinitives can be used in a variety of ways. To read the directions is important. (infinitive as subject of a verb) He forgot to read the directions. (infinitive as object of a verb) It's important to read the directions. (infinitive after to be + adjective) q Infinitives can be used as adjective phrases after noun phrases. See Page 65 q Infinitives can also be used to show purpose. See Page 65 q You may see Structure items that focus on passive infinitives. A passive infinitive consists of the word to+ be+ past participle. See Page 65

A gerund is a verbal form that ends in -ing: being, going, giving, building. Like infinitives, gerunds are often followed by objects: giving directions, building a house. A gerund and its object form a gerund phrase. See Page 66 Playing cards is enjoyable. (gerund as subject of a verb) He enjoys playing cards. (gerund as object of a verb) He passes the time by playing cards. (gerund as object of a preposition) Exercise 26 (NOTE: For extra exercises look the book p. 67 - 69) 1. ______ for a career in dance generally begins at an early age(D) Training. 2. A baby's first teeth ______ are generally the lower incisors. (C) to appear 3. A climbing helmet ______ protection for a rock-climber's head from falling rocks and other hazards. (B) provides 4. Power tools require careful handling ______ injuries. (C) to avoid

LESSON 27: ITEMS INVOLVING PARALLEL STRUCTURES (P. 70) In certain Structure items, the correct use of parallel structures is tested. Parallel structures have the same grammatical form and function. Look at the following sentences: ü She spends her leisure time hiking, camping, and fishing. ü He changed the oil, checked the tire pressure, and filled the tank with gas. ü Nancy plans to either study medicine or major in biology. ü Nancy plans to study either medicine or biology. Parallel structures are also required with correlative conjunctions such as either. . . or or not only. . . but also. Sample Item San Francisco has a pleasant climate, _ and many fascinating neighbourhoods. (A) exciting scenery, (B) has exciting scenery (C) that the scenery is exciting (D) the scenery is exciting,

This sentence contains a series of three objects after the verb has: the first and third are noun phrases (a pleasant climate and many fascinating neighbourhoods). To be parallel, the second object must also be a noun phrase. Therefore, choice (A) is the correct answer; (B), (C), and (D) are not parallel. Exercise 27 (NOTE: For extra exercises look the book p. 71 - 74) 1. Insects provide many beneficial services, such as ______ , breaking down deadwood, and pollinating plants. (C) conditioning the soil 2. Frozen orange juice must be packed, ___ , and stored when the fruit is ripe. (C) frozen 3. Sioux is a North American Indian language that is spoken not only ______ Sioux but also by the Crow and Osage tribes(A) by the 4. In 1900 electrically powered cars were more popular than gasoline powered cars because they were quiet, operated smoothly, and _____ _(A) handled easily

ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻌﺔ LESSON 29 -28 ITEMS INVOLVING MISPLACED MODIFIER (P. 75) A misplaced modifier is a participial phrase or other modifier that comes before the subject, but does not refer to the subject. Look at this sentence: *Driving down the road, a herd of sheep suddenly crossed the road in front of Liza's car. ( incorrect) This sentence is incorrect because it seems to say that a herd of sheep - rather than Liza - was driving down the road. The participial phrase is misplaced. The sentence could be corrected as shown: As Liza was driving down the road, a herd of sheep suddenly crossed the road in front of her. (CORRECT) splaced structures Examples(See page 75 -76) present participle Walking along the beach, the ship was spotted by the men. past participle Based on this study, the scientist could make several conclusions. appositive A resort city in Arkansas, the population of Hot Springs is about 35, 000. reduced adjective clause While peeling onions, his eyes began to water. adjective phrases Warm and mild, everyone enjoys the climate of the Virgin Islands. expressions with like or unlike Like most cities, parking is a problem in San Francisco

Correction Walking along the beach, the men spotted the ship. Based on this study, several conclusions could be made by the scientist. A resort city in Arkansas, Hot Springs has a population of about 35, 000. While he was peeling onions, his eyes began to water. Everyone enjoys the warm, mild climate of the Virgin Islands. Like most cities, San Francisco has a parking problem. Structure items with misplaced modifiers generally consist of a modifying element at the beginning of the sentence followed by a comma, with the rest of the sentence missing. The answer choices tend to be long. To find the answer, you must decide what subject the modifier correctly refers to. Exercise 28 (NOTE: For extra exercises look the book p. 77 - 80) 1. Fearing economic hardship, _____ _ (A) 2. Rich and distinctive in flavour, _____ _(D) 3. Orbiting from 2. 7 to 3. 6 billion miles from the sun, (B) 4. A popular instrument, ______(D)

LESSON 29 INCOMPLETE OR MISSING COMPARISON (P. 81) Many of them involve the comparative forms of adjectives. On the average, the Pacific Ocean is deeper than the Atlantic. Rhonda is a more experienced performer than Theresa. This show is less interesting than the one we watched last night. *The ears of African elephants are bigger than Indian elephants. (INCORRECT) The ears of African elephants are bigger than those of Indian elephants. (CORRECT) Another type of comparison involves the phrase as. . . as. The lab lasted as long as the class did. The words like/alike and unlike/not alike can also be used to express comparison: Like A, B. . . Unlike X, Y. . A, like B, . . . X, unlike Y, . . A is like B. X is unlike Y A and B are alike. X and Y are not alike.

In these sentences, similar-looking words such as likely, likewise, dislike, and unlikely may appear as distractors. Other phrases can be used in making comparisons: A is the same as B X is different from Y A and B are the same X and Y are different A is similar to B X differs from Y A special kind of comparison is called a proportional statement. A proportional statement follows this pattern: The more A. . . the more B. The higher the humidity, the more uncomfortable people feel. Exercise 29 (NOTE: For extra exercises look the book p. 83 - 84 1. Sea bass ______ freshwater bass(A) 2. Wild strawberries are ______ as cultivated strawberries(B). 3. Automobiles, airplanes, and buses use more energy per passenger _____ _ (B)__ 5. ______ San Diego and San Francisco, Los Angeles has no natural harbor. ___(B)

ﻭﺍﻻﺧﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺴﺔ LESSON 30 -32 MISSING CONJUNCTIONS(P. 85) Conjunctions are connecting words; they join parts of a sentence. In this lesson, we'll look at two types of conjunctions. Coordinate conjunctions are used to join equal sentence parts: single words, phrases, and independent clauses. When two full clauses are joined, they are usually separated by a comma. The coordinate conjunctions you will most often see in Structure problems are listed in the chart below: Coordinate Conjunction Use And addition Or choice, possibility But contrast, opposition Nor negation So effect Examples Hereford cows are brown and white. He washed his car and cleaned out the garage. ü The conjunction so is used to join only clauses-not single words or phrases. )

Conjunctive adverbs (moreover, therefore, however, nevertheless, and so on) are also used to join clauses, but in Structure problems, these words are most often used as distractors-they seldom appear as correct answers. Correlative conjunctions are two-part conjunctions. Like coordinate conjunctions, they are used to join clauses, phrases, and words. Correlative Conjunction Use both. . . and addition not only. . . but also addition either. . . or choice, possibility neither. . . nor negation (not A and not B) Examples Both wolves and coyotes are members of the dog family. Dominic studied not only mathematics but also computer science. We need either a nail or a screw to hang up this picture. Neither the television nor the stereo had been turned off. Exercise 30 (NOTE: For extra exercises look the book p. 87 - 89) 1. Blindfish , which spend their whole lives in caves, have ______ eyes nor body pigments. (B) 2. Specialty stores, unlike department stores , handle only one line of merchandise ______ a limited number of closely related lines. (D) 3. Thomas Eakins studied not only painting ______ anatomy when he was training to become an artist. (B) 4. Although topology is the youngest branch of geometry, ______ is considered the most sophisticated. (C)

LESSON 31 MISSING NEGATIVE WORDS(P. 90) The answer choices for this type of item are four negative expressions, such as the ones listed below: Negative word Use Meaning No adjective not any None pronoun not one Nothing pronoun not anything no one pronoun not anyone nor conjunction and. . . not without preposition not having never adverb at no time Examples See(Page 90) There was no milk in the refrigerator. They took a lot of pictures, but almost none of them turned out. The negative word not is used to make almost any kind of word or phrase negative: verbs, prepositional phrases, infinitives, adjectives, and so on. Both no and not can be used before nouns, depending on meaning. There is no coffee in the pot. (It's empty. ) This is not coffee. (It's tea. )

The adjective no is also used before the word longer to mean "not anymore. " I no longer read the afternoon paper. Sample Item There is almost ______ vegetation in the Badlands, a barren region of South Dakota. (A) not (B) nor (C) none (D) no Choices (A), (B), and (C) cannot be used before nouns as adjectives. By the way, probably the most common correct answer for this type of problem is the adjective no. Exercise 31 (NOTE: For extra exercises look the book p. 91 - 94) 1. Old Faithful is the most famous but ______ the most powerful geyser in Yellowstone National Park. (D) 2. Early carpenters , having ______ nails, had to use wooden pegs to secure their constructions. (A) 3. Joseph Priestly, the discoverer of oxygen, had little ______ interest in science until he met Benjamin Franklin in Paris. (B) 4. Mobile homes were ______ counted as permanent houses until the 1960 census. (A)

LESSON 32 : ERRORS WITH WORD FORMS (P. 95) By far the most common type of Written Expression error involves word forms. As many as eight or nine items per test may be word-form problems. Most errors of this type involve using one part of speech in place of another. Both the incorrect word and the correction come from the same root (rapid and rapidly, for example, or inform and information). The four parts of speech generally involved are verbs, nouns, adjectives, and adverbs. The most common problems are adjectives in place of adverbs and adverbs in place of adjectives. Nouns in place of adjectives and adjectives in place of nouns are also commonly seen. In some word-form problems, different forms of the same part of speech may be involved. For example, a noun that refers to a person (leader) may be used in place of the field (leadership). A gerund (a verbal noun) may also be used in place of an ordinary noun (judging and judgment, for example).

Parts of speech can often be identified by their suffixes (word endings): Common Noun Endings -tion information -ery recovery -sion provision -ship scholarship -ence existence -tude multitude -ance acceptance -ism capitalism -ity creativity -cracy democracy -hood childhood -logy biology -dom wisdom -nes happiness -th health -ment experiment Endings for Nouns That Refer to Persons -er explorer -ee employee -or sailor -ic comic -ist psychologist -ian technician -ent student -ant attendant Common Adverb ending -ally historically -ly quickly

A) Adjective/ Adverb Errors (See page 97) q Adjectives modify nouns, noun phrases, and pronouns. Adjectives often come before nouns. Adjectives also follow the verb to be and other linking verbs. q Adverbs may modify verbs, participles, adjectives, prepositions, adverb clause markers, and other adverbs. (See page 97 -98) q Sometimes adverbs are used at the beginning of sentences, often followed by a comma. These adverbs sometimes modify the entire sentence rather than one word in the sentence. q Most adverbs tested in this section are adverbs of manner. They are formed by adding the suffix -ly or -ally to an adjective. Quick quickly comically Adverbs of manner answer the question How? She treated her employees honestly. q A few adverbs (fast, hard, high, for example) have the same form as adjectives. He bought a fast car. (adjective) He was driving so fast that he got a speeding ticket. (adverb) Well is the irregular adverb form of the adjective good. Juan is an exceptionally good student. He did very well on the last test.

q Some adjectives also end in -ly: friendly, yearly, costly, and lively, (See page 99). B) Incorrect Forms of Words Connected with Certain Fields This error involves a confusion between the names of fields (biology, for example) and the name of a person who practices in that field (biologist), or between one of those terms and the adjective that describes the field (biological). Sample Item First (A)specializing in (B)industrial (c)photography, Margaret Bourke-White later became a famous news photographer and(D) editorial (See Page 99) C) Other Word-Form Problems There are many other word-form problems. Some examples are given here: Sample Items Corn played an important role in the cultural of the cliffdwelling Indians of the Southwest. The noun culture, not the adjective cultural, is needed. Exercise 32. 1(NOTE: for extra excercires look p. 101) Verb Noun Adjective adverb 1. differ difference differently 2. invent invention inventively Exercise 32. 2 Field person adjective 1. music musician musical 2. Surgery surgeon surgical 3. Poetry poetic 4. electricity electrician electric

Exercise 32. 3 (NOTE: For extra exercises look the book p. 103) 1. In any animal community, herbivores (great/greatly) outnumber carnivores. 2. Floods cause billions of dollars worth of property damage (annual/annually). 3. (Regular/Regularly) airmail service in the United States began in 1918. 4. Writer Ernest Hemingway was known for his (simple/simply) language and his lively dialogue. 5. The tiny coral snake is (beautiful/beautifully) but deadly. Exercise 32. 5 (NOTE: For extra exercises look the book p. 104) 1. Liberal arts colleges cultivate general intellectually abilities rather than technical or professional skills. Intellectual 2. Goats are extremely destruction to natural vegetation, and are often responsible for soil erosion. destructive 3. Wild plants were of considerable important to early settlers, and many are still used medicinally and as foods. Importance 4. One important branch of linguistics is semantics, which analysis the meaning of words. Analyze ˗ MCQ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺍﻋﻠﻤﺘﻜﻢ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺤﺎﻥ ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ˗ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺮﺭ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﻤﻼﺯﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻭﺍﻥ ﺷﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﻖ