Lesson 11 2 congenital heart disease CHF Atherosclerosis

Lesson 11. 2 congenital heart disease (CHF) Atherosclerosis coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) endocarditis mitral valve prolapse (MVP) rheumatic heart disease Aneurysm peripheral vascular disease (PVD) Journal question: After a patient’s blood pressure is measured with a sphygmomanometer, it is reported in the form of a fraction (e. g. , 120/80 mm Hg). What do these numbers represent? Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 1

Objectives • List the meanings of major pathologic conditions affecting the heart and blood vessels Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 2

Pathology: the Heart and Blood Vessels HEART arrhythmias • heart block (atrioventricular block) • flutter • fibrillation Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 3

Pathology: the Heart and Blood Vessels (cont’d) HEART congenital heart disease • coarctation of the aorta (Co. A) • patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) • septal defects (ASD and VSD) • tetralogy of Fallot Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 4

Pathology: the Heart and Blood Vessels (cont’d) HEART congenital heart disease (CHF): The heart is unable to pump the required amount of blood. • In U. S. , primarily the result of high blood pressure and coronary artery disease (see next slide) • Results in pulmonary edema • Fatal if untreated Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 5

Pathology: the Heart and Blood Vessels (cont’d) HEART coronary artery disease (CAD) Atherosclerosis - the deposition of fatty compounds on the inner lining of the coronary arteries • thrombotic occlusion (occlusive/mural) • ischemia • necrosis • infarction Ø Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS) • unstable angina • myocardial infarction (MI) Ø Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 6

Pathology: the Heart and Blood Vessels (cont’d) HEART Coronary artery disease Drug therapies for CAD • nitrates (nitroglycerin) • aspirin • beta-blockers • ACE inhibitors • calcium channel blockers • statins Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 7

Pathology: the Heart and Blood Vessels (cont’d) HEART Coronary artery disease Surgical therapies for CAD • coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) - an open heart operation to treat coronary artery disease by replacing clogged vessels percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 8

Pathology: the Heart and Blood Vessels (cont’d) HEART Other Pathologic conditions Ø endocarditis inflammation of the inner lining of the heart caused by bacteria Ø hypertensive heart disease Ø mitral valve prolapse (MVP) - improper closure of the mitral valve Ø murmur Ø pericarditis Ø rheumatic heart disease - heart disease caused by rheumatic fever Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 9

Pathology: the Heart and Blood Vessels (cont’d) BLOOD VESSELS Ø aneurysm Ø deep vein thrombosis (DVT) Ø hypertension (HTN) Ø peripheral vascular disease (PVD) - blockage of blood vessels outside the heart Ø Raynaud disease Ø varicose veins Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 10

QUICK QUIZ: 3. Which arrhythmia refers to rapid, random, inefficient and irregular contractions of the atria and ventricles (350 beats or more per minute)? fibrillation B. flutter C. bradycardia A. Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 11

QUICK QUIZ: 3. Which arrhythmia refers to rapid, random, inefficient and irregular contractions of the atria and ventricles (350 beats or more per minute)? fibrillation B. flutter C. bradycardia A. Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 12