Lesson 1 The Character of War Lesson Objectives

Lesson 1 The Character of War

Lesson Objectives • Begin to understand the nature of war and the factors used to define and characterize it. • Understand the three levels of war and the unique issues encountered at each level. • Become familiar with elements of national power and their potential impact on strategy and the conduct of war.

Definitions The beginning of wisdom is calling things by their right names. Confucius Establishing a common context

What is war? How has war been defined? What are its characteristics? What are its causes?

What is war? War is part of the intercourse of the human race. War is the province of danger, and therefore courage above all things is the first quality of the warrior. War is the province of physical exertion and suffering. War is the province of uncertainty. War is the province of friction. War demands resolution, firmness, and staunchness. Chapter titles to Ernest Hemingway's Men at War, quoting Clausewitz

What is war? War is nothing more than the continuation of politics by other means. Karl von Clausewitz Politics is war without bloodshed while war is politics with bloodshed. Mao Tse-Tung War is the point at which politics turns into murder Michel Serres, (Le Contrat naturel, 1990)

Definitions of War • the waging of armed conflict against an enemy • a legal state created by a declaration of war and ended by official declaration during which the international rules of war apply • condition of open, armed, often prolonged conflict carried on between nations, states, or parties • a state of open and declared armed hostile conflict between political units such as states or nations; may be limited or general in nature.

Definitions of War war, n. , – 1. a contest between nations or states (international war) or between parties in the same state (civil war), carried on by force of arms for various purposes, as to settle disputes about territorial possessions, to maintain rights that have been interfered with, to resist oppression, to avenge injuries, to conquer territory, to extend dominion, etc. ; a conflict of arms between hostile parties or nations; open hostility declared and engaged in. -- Webster's Monarch Dictionary , unabridged (Chicago, 1916)

Definitions of War war n. , a (1): a state of usually open and declared armed hostile conflict between political units (as states or nations) <cannot exist between two countries unless each of them has its own government>. -- Webster's Third New International Dictionary , unabridged (Springfield, Massachusetts, 1981)

Definitions of War war, n. , – organized, socially sanctioned armed violence employed by opposing groups against one another, normally for political, social or economic purposes. John F. Guilmartin Ohio State University This will be our working definition

Definitions Strategy "the art of the general" (from the Greek strategia: generalship)

Definitions Strategy “The practical adaptation of the means placed at a general's disposal to the attainment of the object in view. " General Helmut von Moltke (1800 – 1891) Chief of the German General Staff, 1857 -1888 Quoted in Basil H. Liddell Hart’s Strategy

Definitions Strategy “The practical adaptation of the means placed at a general's disposal to the attainment of the object

Definitions Strategy object to “The practical adaptation of the means objective means placed at a general's disposal to the attainment of the object

Definitions Strategy to objective means A plan to match resources to objectives

Definitions Strategy A plan to match resources to objectives [basic definition] “Matching ends to means”

Definitions Strategy A plan to match resources to objectives NOTE: Don’t confuse Strategy (n) with Strategic (adj)

Definitions Tactics The art of fighting on or near the battlefield The Oxford Companion to Military History

Definitions Tactics • The military science that deals with securing objectives set by strategy, especially the technique of deploying and directing troops, ships, and aircraft in effective maneuvers against an enemy American Heritage Dictionary

Definitions Tactics • The military science that deals with securing objectives set by strategy, especially the technique of deploying and directing troops, ships, and aircraft in effective maneuvers against an enemy • Maneuvers used against an enemy American Heritage Dictionary

Definitions Tactics In warfare, the art and science of fighting battles. It is concerned with the approach to combat, placement of troops, use made of weapons, vehicles, ships, or aircraft, and execution of movements for attack or defense. In general, tactics deal with the problems encountered in actual fighting. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia

Definitions Tactics The art and science of fighting battles NOTE: Don’t confuse Tactics (n) with Tactical (adj)

Strategy v. Tactics "Tactics teaches the use of armed forces in the engagement; strategy, the use of engagements for the object of the war. " Clausewitz

Strategy v. Tactics "I call strategy the hostile movement of two armies beyond the view of each other; or -- if it be preferred -- beyond the effect of cannon. Tactics I call the science of movements which are made in the presence of the enemy, that is, within his view and within the reach of his artillery. " Gen. Winfield Scott Infantry Tactics 1835

Review Definitions Strategy A plan to match resources to objectives NOTE: Don’t confuse Strategy (n) with Strategic (adj)

Review Definitions Tactics The art and science of fighting battles NOTE: Don’t confuse Tactics (n) with Tactical (adj)

Military Strategy Applied More traditionally Strategy The art and science of developing and using political, economic, psychological, and military forces as necessary during peace and war, to afford the maximum support to policies, in order to increase the probabilities and favorable consequences of victory and to lessen the chances consequences of victory and to lessen the of defeat chances of defeat. [JP 1 -02] (Do. D)

Grand Strategy A more timely concept High Strategy: at the highest level of the state Deals with achieving national objectives even beyond war “Grand Strategy is simply the level at which knowledge and persuasion, or in modern terms intelligence and diplomacy, interact with military strength to determine outcomes in a world of other states with their own “grand strategies. ” Edward Luttwak, The Grand Strategy of the Byzantin e Empire

Instruments of National Power All the means that are available for employment in the pursuit of national objectives. Do. D

Instruments of National Power Examples: • Military • Diplomacy • Economic • Information • Resolve (will) Traditional

Instruments of National Power Examples: • Resolve (will) • Information • Military • Economic • Diplomatic

Instruments of National Power Examples: • Diplomatic • Information • Military • Economic • Resolve (will)

Levels of War (classic) Strategic Operational Tactical

Levels of War FM 3 -0

Strategic Level of War Concerned with the overall conduct of the war The domain of the highest level civilian and military leaders Determines theaters (regions) of operation, resources allocation to each, general plans of action Where to fight With what

Operational Level of War Concerned with moving to the fight The domain of generals and admirals Where campaigns (a series of maneuvers and battles over an extended period) are planned and conducted Generally how to fight

Tactical Level of War Concerned with actually fighting the battles Domain of privates to colonels, sailors to captains The detailed employment of forces and weapons directly against an enemy Fighting individual skirmishes and battles

Levels of War Strategic: grand plan for fighting war Operational: getting the forces to the point of battle Tactical: actually fighting the battle

Levels of War For our purposes, consider a “campaign” as part of the Operational level of war FM 3 -0

Levels of War Strategic Operational Tactical

Geopolitics A study of the relationship between geography and politics

Geopolitics How grand strategy is defined by place Why did Germany need a quick, decisive victory in 1914? Why was it important for Britain to have a powerful navy? Why did Japan go to war with the United States in 1941? How is China’s grand strategy defined by its geopolitical circumstances?

Things You Need to Remember Characteristics of “war” Instruments of national power Levels of war Strategy and Grand Strategy

Next: Lesson 2 Begin With The End in Mind: Operation Desert Storm

Gulf War Preview © Inside the Kill Box (You. Tube: 0: 00 -0: 57 "The Circle of Modern War" and logo © Thomas D. Pilsch 2007 -2013

Lesson Objectives Begin with the end in mind • Understand be able to discuss the causes, conduct, and consequences (C³) of the Gulf War. • Develop a methodology for systematically studying the changes in war over time. • Begin to appreciate the impact of technology and logistics on modern war. • Establish recognizable end points for the major threads of modern war (weapons, logistics, communications, strategy, and operational art).

End

Grand Strategy

U. S. Grand Strategy

U. S. Military Posture Implementing Grand Strategy

Why Do We Study War? “History doesn’t repeat itself, but it rhymes. ” Attributed to Samuel Clements, 1835 -1910 "It is not worth while to try to keep history from repeating itself, for man's character will always make the preventing of the repetitions impossible. " Mark Twain, Eruption: Hitherto Unpublished Pages About Men and Events, published 1940

Geopolitics

End

Military Strategy The art and science of developing and using political, economic, psychological, and military forces as necessary during peace and war, to afford the maximum support to policies, in order to increase the probabilities and favorable consequences of victory and to lessen the chances of defeat. [JP 1 -02] (Do. D)

Military Strategy “the employment of the instruments (elements) of power (political/diplomatic, economic, military, and informational) to achieve the political objectives of the state in cooperation or in competition with other actors pursuing their own objectives. “ US Army War College Quoted by H. Richard Yarger “Toward a Theory of Strategy”