Leisure exercise as a therapeutic adjunct Leisure exercise

休閒運動的益處 Leisure & exercise as a therapeutic adjunct Leisure & exercise as a part of live 1

Benefit of Leisure Participant n n n n 忙碌說(Keeping Idle Hands Busy) 補償說(Need-Compensation) 放鬆說(Pleasure-Relaxation-Fun) 個人成長說(Personal Growth) 身份組成與證實(Identity Formation and Affirmation) 緩衝與因應或淨化(Buffer and Coping) 活動替換說(Activity Substitution Theory Ageing) 3

The Recreation Production Process 1 st stage INPUTS 1 st THROUGHPUT process 1 st stage OUTPUTS & 2 nd stage INPUTS 2 nd THROUGHPUT process 2 nd stage OUTPUTS ．Policies ．Capital ．Institutional values ．Knowledge ．Labor ．Regulations ．Preferences of customers & things they bring with them Interactions with structural components of the physical recreation system and its processes (e. g. , a park or a sports complex) ．Local social, and economic benefits ．Benefits to the physical environment ．Recreation opportunities: Activity Experience Other benefits Benefits and disbenefits are realized by: Customers use recreation opportunities and interact with the system structure and processes ．Individuals ．Groups of individuals ．Environment ．Negative impacts ．Values of other stakeholders SOURCE: “The Recreation Production Process: The Benefits-Based Approach to Amenity Resource Policy Analysis and Management, “by B. L. Driver, 1994, in Friluftsliv: Effecter og goder, Dn-notat, 1994 -7, Direktoratet for Naturforvaltning Tungasletta[Proceedings, Scandinavian Conference on Recreation: Benefits and Other Positive Effects] (pp. 12 -30), Trondheim, Norway: Norwegian Institute of Nature Studies. 4

THE BENEFIT CHAIN OF CAUSALITY A recreationist mentally relaxes on site from jobcaused stress Improved work performance Higher salary and increased economic security Increased quality or quantity of product and/or lower cost product Increased satisfaction with life Increased competitive advantage Enhanced sense of well-being Lower trade deficits 5

Different recipients realize different benefits at different times and places Recipients On-site Other on-site Off-site beneficial benefits experiences A. Individuals B. Households & communities C. Local & regional economics D. Biophysical & heritage resources Satisfying psychological outcomes Improved psychological & physiological conditions Later benefits to the on- & off-site customers Social benefits Economic benefits Environmental benefits 6

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Benefit of Leisure Participant n Personal benefits n Social and culture benefits n Economic benefits n Environmental 8

Benefit of Leisure Participant Personal Benefits I. Psychological A. Better mental health and health maintenance 1. • • • Holistic sense of wellness Stress management (prevention, mediation, and restoration) Catharsis Prevention of and reduced depression, anxiety, and anger Positive changes in mood and emotion Personal development and growth 2. • • • Self-confidence Self-reliance Self-competence Self-assurance Value clarification Improved academic and cognitive performance 9

Benefit of Leisure Participant • • • • Independence and autonomy Sense of control over one’s life Humility Leadership Aesthetic enhancement Creativity enhancement Spiritual growth Adaptability Cognitive efficiency Problem solving Nature learning Cultural and historic awareness, learning, and appreciation Environmental awareness and understanding 10

Benefit of Leisure Participant • • • Tolerance Balanced competitiveness Balanced living Prevention of problems to at-risk youth Acceptance of one’s responsibility Personal appreciation and satisfaction 3. • • Sense of freedom Self-actualization Flow and absorption Exhilaration Stimulation Sense of adventure Challenge Nostalgia 11

Benefit of Leisure Participant Personal appreciation and satisfaction 3. • • • • Sense of freedom Self-actualization Flow and absorption Exhilaration Stimulation Sense of adventure Challenge Nostalgia Quality of life and/or life satisfaction Creative expression Aesthetic appreciation Nature appreciation Spirituality Positive change in mood or emotion 12

Benefit of Leisure Participant B. . . Psychophysiological 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Cardiovascular benefits, including prevention of strokes Reduced or prevented hypertension Reduced serum cholesterol and triglycerides Improved control and prevention of diabetes Prevention of colon cancer Reduced spinal problems 13

Benefit of Leisure Participant 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. Decreased body fat and obesity and/or weight control Improved neuropsychological functioning Increased bone mass and strength in children Increased muscle strength and better connective tissue Respiratory benefits(increased lung capacity, benefits to people with asthma) Reduced incidence of disease Improved bladder control of the elderly Increased life expectancy Management of menstrual cycles Management of arthritis Improved functioning of the immune system Reduced consumption of alcohol and use of tobacco 14

Benefit of Leisure Participant Social and Cultural Benefits II. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. Community satisfaction Pride in community and nation(pride in place and patriotism) Cultural and historical awareness and appreciation Reduced social alienation Community and political involvement Ethnic identity Social bonding, cohesion, and cooperation Conflict resolution and harmony Greater community involvement in environmental decision making 15

Benefit of Leisure Participant J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T. Social support Support democratic ideal of freedom Family bonding Reciprocity and sharing Social mobility Community integration Nurturance of others Understanding and tolerance of others Environmental awareness, sensitivity Enhanced world view Socialization and acculturation 16

Benefit of Leisure Participant U. V. W. X. Cultural identity Cultural continuity Prevention of social problems by at-risk youth Developmental benefits of children 17

Benefit of Leisure Participant Economic Benefits III. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. Reduced health costs Increased productivity Less work absenteeism Reduced on-the-job accidents Decreased job turnover International balance of payments(from tourism) Local and regional economic growth Contributions to net national economic development 18

Benefit of Leisure Participant Environmental benefits IV. A. B. C. D. E. Maintenance of physical facilities Stewardship and preservation of options Husbandry and improved relationships with natural world Understanding of human dependency on the natural world Environmental ethic 19

Benefit of Leisure Participant F. G. Public involvement in environmental issues Environmental protection 1. Ecosystem sustainability 2. Species diversity 3. Maintenance of natural scientific laboratories 4. Preservation of particular natural sites and areas 5. Preservation of cultural, heritage, and historic sites and areas 20

Benefit of Physical Activity n n n Moderate Activity (No Pain) Enjoyable Activity within Lifestyle Duration, Intensity and Frequency n n n Low Intensity for Long Duration High Intensity for Low Duration Moderate intense(70 -80% of maximum H. R & 15 -20 minutes) 23

Benefit of Physical Activity n n n n Premature Dying Risk of Heart Disease Risk of High Blood Pressure Risk of Colon Cancer Reduce Depression and Anxiety Control Weight Build Bones, Muscles and Joints Promote Psychological Well-Being 24

Benefit of Physical Activity n Health Benefit and Service Delivery: n n n Active Lifestyle & Physical Well-Being Treat Depression & Enhance Self. Esteem Better Coping & More Positive Self Image Active Elderly have Higher Self Esteem than Sedentary Elderly 10 BIOMARKERS Improve With Activity 25

Benefit of Physical Activity n 10 Biomarkers: n n n Muscle Mass & Strength Basal Metabolic Rate & Body Fat Percent Aerobic Capacity & Blood Sugar Tolerance Cholesterol/HDL Ratio & Blood Pressure Bone Density & Regulate Internal Temperature 26

THE HIERARCHICAL MODEL OF LEISURE CONSTRAINTS Intrapersonal Constraints Leisure Preferences Interpersonal Constraints Structural Constraints Interpersonal Compatibility and coordination Level of Participation Motivations (Attractions) SOURCE: “A Hierarchical Model of Leisure Constrains, “ by D. W. Crawford, E. L. Jackson, and G. Godbey, 1991, Leisure Sciences, 13, p. 313. Copyright 1991 by Taylor & Francis. Adapted with permission. 29

訓練或運動時應考慮的原則 n n n n 超負荷原則(principle of overload) 特殊性原則(specificity) 個體的起始狀態(initial level) 熱身與緩和運動(warm—up ＆ cool down) 漸進的方式(progression) 個別差異的考量(individual difference) You are what you are 30