Lecture Presentation Chapter 15 Carbohydrates Karen C Timberlake

Chapter 15 Carbohydrates Diabetes nurses help patients • learn to monitor their medication and blood sugar levels. • look for symptoms like diabetic nerve damage and vision loss. This requires knowledge of the endocrine system, as this system is often involved with obesity and other diseases. General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 15 Readiness Core Chemistry Skills • Naming Alcohols and Phenols (13. 1) • Writing Equations for the Oxidation of Alcohols (13. 4) • Naming Aldehydes and Ketones (14. 1) General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

15. 1 Carbohydrates are • a major source of energy from our diet. • made from the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. • also called saccharides, which means “sugars. ” Learning Goal Classify a monosaccharide as an aldose or a ketose, and indicate the number of carbon atoms. General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Carbohydrates, such as glucose, • are produced by photosynthesis in plants. • are synthesized in plants from CO 2, H 2 O, and energy from the sun. • are oxidized in living cells to produce CO 2, H 2 O, and energy. General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Types of Carbohydrates The types of carbohydrates are • monosaccharides, the simplest carbohydrates; • disaccharides, which consist of two monosaccharides; and • polysaccharides, which contain many monosaccharides. General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Monosaccharides • contain several hydroxyl groups attached to a chain of three to eight carbon atoms. • that contain an aldehyde group are classified as aldoses. • that contain a ketone group are classified as ketoses. • have hydroxyl groups on all carbons except the carbonyl carbon. General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Types of Monosaccharides are also classified by the number of carbon atoms present. triose (three C atoms) pentose (five C atoms) tetrose (four C atoms) hexose (six C atoms) An aldopentose is a five-carbon saccharide with an aldehyde group. A ketohexose is a six-carbon saccharide with a ketone group. General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Types of Monosaccharides General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C.

Study Check Identify each as aldo or keto and as tetrose, pentose, or hexose. A. B. General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Solution Identify each as aldo or keto and as tetrose, pentose, or hexose. A. aldohexose B. ketopentose General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e Karen C. Timberlake © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.