Lecture Power Point to accompany Inquiry into Life

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Lecture Power. Point to accompany Inquiry into Life Twelfth Edition Sylvia S. Mader Chapter

Lecture Power. Point to accompany Inquiry into Life Twelfth Edition Sylvia S. Mader Chapter 3 Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

3. 1 The Cellular Level of Organization

3. 1 The Cellular Level of Organization

3. 1 The Cellular Level of Organization • The cell is the structural and

3. 1 The Cellular Level of Organization • The cell is the structural and functional unit of an organism, the smallest structure capable of performing all the functions necessary for life.

3. 1 The Cellular Level of Organization • Prokaryotic cells lack membrane enclosed structures.

3. 1 The Cellular Level of Organization • Prokaryotic cells lack membrane enclosed structures. • Eukaryotic cells possess membrane enclosed structures.

The Cell Theory

The Cell Theory

The Cell Theory • All organisms are composed of one or more cells.

The Cell Theory • All organisms are composed of one or more cells.

The Cell Theory • All organisms are composed of one or more cells. •

The Cell Theory • All organisms are composed of one or more cells. • Cells are the basic living unit of structure and function in organisms.

The Cell Theory • All organisms are composed of one or more cells. •

The Cell Theory • All organisms are composed of one or more cells. • Cells are the basic living unit of structure and function in organisms. • All cells come only from other cells.

Sizes of Living Things

Sizes of Living Things

Surface Area / Volume Ratio

Surface Area / Volume Ratio

Surface Area / Volume Ratio • The amount of surface area affects the ability

Surface Area / Volume Ratio • The amount of surface area affects the ability to get materials in and out of a cell.

Surface Area / Volume Ratio • The amount of surface area affects the ability

Surface Area / Volume Ratio • The amount of surface area affects the ability to get materials in and out of a cell. • As cells increase in volume, the proportionate amount of surface area decreases.

Surface Area / Volume Ratio

Surface Area / Volume Ratio

Plasma Membrane and Cytoplasm • All cells are surrounded by a plasma membrane. •

Plasma Membrane and Cytoplasm • All cells are surrounded by a plasma membrane. • The material inside of a cell is the cytoplasm. • The plasma membrane regulates what enters and exits a cell.

3. 2 Prokaryotic Cells

3. 2 Prokaryotic Cells

3. 2 Prokaryotic Cells

3. 2 Prokaryotic Cells

3. 2 Prokaryotic Cells • Cell Wall • Capsule • Flagellum • Nucleoid •

3. 2 Prokaryotic Cells • Cell Wall • Capsule • Flagellum • Nucleoid • Ribosomes

3. 2 Prokaryotic Cells • Cell Wall • Capsule • Flagellum • Nucleoid •

3. 2 Prokaryotic Cells • Cell Wall • Capsule • Flagellum • Nucleoid • Ribosomes

3. 2 Prokaryotic Cells • Cell Wall • Capsule • Flagellum • Nucleoid •

3. 2 Prokaryotic Cells • Cell Wall • Capsule • Flagellum • Nucleoid • Ribosomes

3. 2 Prokaryotic Cells • Cell Wall • Capsule • Flagellum • Nucleoid •

3. 2 Prokaryotic Cells • Cell Wall • Capsule • Flagellum • Nucleoid • Ribosomes

3. 2 Prokaryotic Cells • Cell Wall • Capsule • Flagellum • Nucleoid •

3. 2 Prokaryotic Cells • Cell Wall • Capsule • Flagellum • Nucleoid • Ribosomes

Prokaryotes are: • Structurally simple • Metabolically diverse • Adapted to most types of

Prokaryotes are: • Structurally simple • Metabolically diverse • Adapted to most types of environments

Prokaryotes are: • Structurally simple • Metabolically diverse • Adapted to most types of

Prokaryotes are: • Structurally simple • Metabolically diverse • Adapted to most types of environments

Prokaryotes are: • Structurally simple • Metabolically diverse • Adapted to most types of

Prokaryotes are: • Structurally simple • Metabolically diverse • Adapted to most types of environments

3. 2 Prokaryotic Cells

3. 2 Prokaryotic Cells

3. 3 Eukaryotic Cells

3. 3 Eukaryotic Cells

3. 3 Eukaryotic Cells • Eukaryotic cells: – Are structurally complex – Have a

3. 3 Eukaryotic Cells • Eukaryotic cells: – Are structurally complex – Have a nucleus – Possess membrane-bound organelles – May have a cell wall

3. 3 Eukaryotic Cells • Eukaryotic cells: – Are structurally complex – Have a

3. 3 Eukaryotic Cells • Eukaryotic cells: – Are structurally complex – Have a nucleus – Possess membrane-bound organelles – May have a cell wall

3. 3 Eukaryotic Cells • Eukaryotic cells: – Are structurally complex – Have a

3. 3 Eukaryotic Cells • Eukaryotic cells: – Are structurally complex – Have a nucleus – Possess membrane-bound organelles – May have a cell wall

3. 3 Eukaryotic Cells • Eukaryotic cells: – Are structurally complex – Have a

3. 3 Eukaryotic Cells • Eukaryotic cells: – Are structurally complex – Have a nucleus – Possess membrane-bound organelles – May have a cell wall

3. 3 Eukaryotic Cells

3. 3 Eukaryotic Cells

3. 3 Eukaryotic Cells

3. 3 Eukaryotic Cells

The Nucleus • Stores DNA

The Nucleus • Stores DNA

The Nucleus • Stores DNA • Nucleolus - r. RNA

The Nucleus • Stores DNA • Nucleolus - r. RNA

The Nucleus • Stores DNA • Nucleolus - r. RNA • Nuclear Envelope –

The Nucleus • Stores DNA • Nucleolus - r. RNA • Nuclear Envelope – Nuclear pores

Ribosomes • Site of protein synthesis • Two subunits (large and small) – Subunits

Ribosomes • Site of protein synthesis • Two subunits (large and small) – Subunits consist of r. RNA and protein molecules • Polyribosomes – Several ribosomes with a single m. RNA molecule

Endoplasmic Reticulum • Consists of membranous channels and saccules

Endoplasmic Reticulum • Consists of membranous channels and saccules

Endoplasmic Reticulum • Rough ER – Processing and modification of proteins • Smooth ER

Endoplasmic Reticulum • Rough ER – Processing and modification of proteins • Smooth ER – Synthesizes phospholipids – Various other functions

Golgi Apparatus • The Golgi apparatus collects, sorts, packages, and distributes materials such as

Golgi Apparatus • The Golgi apparatus collects, sorts, packages, and distributes materials such as proteins and lipids.

Lysosomes • Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes that break down unwanted, foreign substances or wornout

Lysosomes • Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes that break down unwanted, foreign substances or wornout parts of cells

Vacuoles • Vacuoles are membranous sacs that store substances. – For example: Water Pigments

Vacuoles • Vacuoles are membranous sacs that store substances. – For example: Water Pigments Toxins

Peroxisomes • Membrane bound vesicles containing enzymes. – The enzymes break down molecules and

Peroxisomes • Membrane bound vesicles containing enzymes. – The enzymes break down molecules and as a result produce hydrogen peroxide.

Energy-Related Organelles • Chloroplasts • Mitochondria

Energy-Related Organelles • Chloroplasts • Mitochondria

Energy-Related Organelles Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration

Energy-Related Organelles Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration

Chloroplasts • Site of photosynthesis • Structure: – Double-membrane – Stroma – Grana •

Chloroplasts • Site of photosynthesis • Structure: – Double-membrane – Stroma – Grana • Thylakoids • Chloroplasts contain: – Their own DNA – Ribosomes – Enzymes

Mitochondria • Found in all eukaryotic cells • Site or cellular respiration • Structure:

Mitochondria • Found in all eukaryotic cells • Site or cellular respiration • Structure: – Double-membrane – Matrix – Crista

The Cytoskeleton • Maintains cell shape • Assists in movement of cell and organelles

The Cytoskeleton • Maintains cell shape • Assists in movement of cell and organelles • Assemble and disassemble as needed • Three types of macromolecular fibers – Actin Filaments – Intermediate Filaments – Microtubules

Actin Filaments • • Anchored to the plasma membrane Allows intestinal microvilli to expand

Actin Filaments • • Anchored to the plasma membrane Allows intestinal microvilli to expand contract Found in pseudopods allowing amoeboid movement Play a role in animal cell division

Actin Filaments • Actin interacts with motor molecules such as myosin. • In the

Actin Filaments • Actin interacts with motor molecules such as myosin. • In the presence of ATP, myosin pulls actin along • Example: muscle cells

Intermediate Filaments • Intermediate in size between actin filaments and microtubules • Functions: –

Intermediate Filaments • Intermediate in size between actin filaments and microtubules • Functions: – Support nuclear envelope – Cell-cell junctions, such as those holding skin cells tightly together

Microtubules • Hollow cylinders made of two globular proteins • Assembly: – Under control

Microtubules • Hollow cylinders made of two globular proteins • Assembly: – Under control of Microtubule Organizing Center (MTOC) – Most important MTOC is centrosome • Interacts with specific proteins to cause movement of organelles

Microtubule Operation

Microtubule Operation

Centrioles • Short cylinders with a 9 + 0 pattern of microtubule triplets

Centrioles • Short cylinders with a 9 + 0 pattern of microtubule triplets

Centrioles • Help organize microtubules during animal cell division • May be involved with

Centrioles • Help organize microtubules during animal cell division • May be involved with microtubule formation and in the organization of cilia and flagella

Cilia and Flagella • Hairlike projections that aid in cell movement • In eukaryotic

Cilia and Flagella • Hairlike projections that aid in cell movement • In eukaryotic cells, cilia are much shorter than flagella • They are membrane-bound cylinders enclosing a matrix area – The matrix consists of microtubules in a 9 + 2 pattern

Cilia and Flagella

Cilia and Flagella

3. 4 Evolution of the Eukaryotic Cell

3. 4 Evolution of the Eukaryotic Cell