Lecture No 2 Business Functions Hardware Configurations Directories

Lecture No. 2 Business Functions, Hardware Configurations, Directories and Excel CSE 1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 1

CSE 1720 Overheads and other materials These are available from the Web. The address is http: //www. csse. monash. edu. au/courseware/cse 1720 s All of the overhead materials are in Office 97 format. CSE 1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 2

Objectives of this Lecture • To provide some insight into the business environment framework • To briefly look at computer hardware functions, and in particular at a microcomputer configuration • To look behind the scenes • To introduce Directory and Directory structures CSE 1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 3

Objectives of this Lecture • To look at some more PC hardware • To (briefly) look at some hardware configurations, including a parallel processor setup • And, we’ll have a look at Excel (the software, not the car) CSE 1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 4

Corporate Structures Corporate Structure for better Cost Controls and Market Responsiveness Executive Management Business Unit 1 Profitable Business Unit 2 Profitable Business Unit 3 Not Profitable Business Unit 4 Profitable Business Unit n. . . Not Profitable CSE 1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 5

Worldwide Business Environment THOSE Business Strategy is for SURVIVAL ATTEMPTING THE Business Strategy is for SUCCESS TRANSITION CSE 1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 6

Survivor Organisation Business Characteristics • Low Share price • Low Growth and Profits • Unsustainable High Costs • Crisis Management • Risk Adverse • Victim of Global Economy • Static development of Information Technology strategy CSE 1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 7

Potential Success Organisation Business Characteristics • Fluctuating share prices • Poor Customer focus • Low growth and profits • Management Accountability • Forms alliances and Joint Ventures • Will take ‘Calculated’ risks • High costs • Some directions to upgrade Information Technology CSE 1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 8

Success Organisation Business Characteristics • Strong share price • Good growth and profits • Costs under control • Prepared to take business risks • Good customer focus • Management embrace /accept change(s) • Management understand role of Information Technology as a Business Support tool CSE 1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 9

Information Poverty • Planning without facts • Poor Information Support for Policy formation and Implementation • Isolation from International Data Sources • Low Access to Information on International Markets • Highly Limited Access to Information in Rural Areas (World bank Report on Developing Countries Asian Mass Communication Research and Information Centre) CSE 1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 10

Some Terminology -1 • Business Functions : Broad groups of closely related activities and decisions which contribute to a product or service like cycle. (e. g. . planning, materials management, production planning, quality assurance). • Business Processes : Decision related activities which occur within a function. They are related to management of people, money, material and information. Materials Management (Business Function)could be subdivided into: requirements planning, purchasing, goods received, material accounting, stock-keeping Business Processes should reflect related activity groupings CSE 1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 11

Some Terminology -2 Business Activities : Specific operations or transactions required to carry out a process Some guidelines: An activity should produce some clearly defined (identifiable) result - a product, a decision, a plan. . . An activity has clear boundaries - a clear beginning and end. Activities do not overlap. An activity is carried out as a unit, by a single agent or a team Once initiated, an activity proceeds independently of and from other activities. CSE 1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 12

Some Terminology -3 Business Entities : Are persons, objects or events about which Information is, or will be, recorded in the Information Data Base Many of these Entities can be identified with Business Activities (e. g. supplier, purchase order, customer) CSE 1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 13

Some Terminology -4 Critical Success Factors : *Key factors which must be performed well to ensure the success of an organisation *Are also known as Critical Performance Items (CPI’s) *Also Called Key Performance Indicators (or KPI’s) e. g. production failure rate < 0. 01% of total production units production cost increases <= c. p. i. customer service complaints < 1% of all customer transactions absenteeism < 1% of staff in any 24 hour period product quality => advertised standards (water, power) no more than 1% of trains > 3 minutes late at destination CSE 1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 14

Some Terminology Business Performance Management (not about Customers, Sales, Turnovers explicitly) Business Intelligence Key Performance Indicators - Internal Risk Management CSE 1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 15

Business Failures ? • Business failure can stem from a lack of timely information • or the Inability to manage pricing and product mix (as in Pan. Am some years ago) • Lack of business acumen • Inadequate financial reporting • Lack of performance reviews • Poor cash flow management • Poor or missing Internal controls • Lack of funds • Over borrowing • High costs of finance • Under capitalisation CSE 1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 16

Business Failures ? • • Turnaround / Turnover Turnaround capital costs Restructuring expertise Over trading - George Lopez, CPA Insolvency Spokerperson - My Business Magazine ( ? Date) CSE 1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 17

Typical Business Management Reports • Financial Status Assets, Liabilities, Cash in Hand, Cash Flows • Company Customer Information, Client Information, Competitor’s Information, Profit Margins • Operational Status of the Company and its Employees Standards, Productivity, Overheads, Market Rating • Provision of Documentation to Government and other Regulatory bodies Revenue Payroll tax Work. Cover Payments GST payments ? International Trade etc. . . . CSE 1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 18

Factors Affecting Retail Business 1 • Recession Total Retail Sales • Disposable Incomes Movement away from core business - customer confusion Risk of losing focus and market share Competition • Failure to identify changing customer trends • ‘Optimum’ site for Business Limited and competitive Passing trade • CSE 1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 19

Factors Affecting Retail Business 2 • Failure to use modern technology for internal and external uses - software for accounting market analyses cash flows EFTPOS security coding electronic document exchange and: smart phones, fax, electronic displays, noteboards, graphics, color printing (prime examples of ‘office automation’ and. . The Web and its services (Communication / Applications) CSE 1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 20

Hardware MAJOR OBJECTIVE To convert ‘RAW’ data -----> USEFUL INFORMATION (Data Processing Cycle) INPUT MECHANISMS Variety of Devices PROCESSING Variety of Devices OUTPUT MECHANISMS Variety of Devices Micro, Mini Workstation Mainframe Single Application Data Base Communications Control General Purpose CSE 1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 21

Components of a Computer System - Hardware Control Unit Interprets Instructions Issues commands to all components Input Reads data Instructions Primary Storage Output Holds (temporarily) Data and Programs also called Main Memory Record Results + -* / > < = Auxiliary or Secondary (mass storage) Arithmetic and Logic Unit CSE 1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 22

A Typical Microcomputer Configuration 1. A microcomputer - processor 2. A keyboard and a Mouse - input 3. A colour monitor (screen) - soft copy 4. A printer - hard copy 5. Disk drives for permanent storage ( 1 should be interchangeable type) OTHER OPTIONS 6. A CD-ROM unit 7. A modem/communications adapter 8. Voice/Audio 9. Video Card CSE 1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 23

Hardware - The CPU • The CPU or processor is the heart of the computer, and it consists of 3 main parts: Arithmetic and Logic Unit Control Unit Input/Output interface (consists of Registers) CSE 1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 24

CPU ALU Input Devices Control Unit Output Devices I/O interface Memory O/S User Programs CSE 1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 25

Hardware- the CPU The CPU performs actual processing of data. • Data and programs are stored in memory, and moved to and from CPU as required via the I/O interface unit. • Signals representing data and instructions travel between system components along electronic pathways, (sets of wires, or electronic paths), called buses. CSE 1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 26

Hardware- Input/Output • Input devices allow user to input data in a format the computer can interpret. e. g keyboard accepts letters and numbers and converts them to a binary code such as ASCII. • Output devices allow computer to output data in format useful to user or other hardware. e. g. a monitor converts binary codes to characters and images, whilst a modem converts digital data to analog form for transmission over telephone lines. Binary codes are made up of 0’s and 1’s CSE 1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 27

Hardware - Memory • Memory - Purpose of memory is data storage. A hierarchy of memory exists. - data required for immediate manipulation by CPU is stored in small areas of fast access memory within CPU called registers. - data required for active program is generally stored in primary memory, commonly called RAM. - data which may be required at later time is generally stored in secondary storage e. g. on disk, tape, or CD-Rom. CSE 1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 28

Hardware- Memory • Digital computers deal with data in binary form - all data is represented using just two digits - 1 and 0. Non numeric characters and other symbols are assigned unique binary codes. • Primary memory consists of a set of locations defined by sequentially numbered addresses. Each location contains a binary number that can be interpreted as data or an instruction. CSE 1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 29

Hardware- Memory • Memory is commonly measured in byte, kilobytes, megabyte and gigabytes 1 bit = 1 binary digit (0 or 1). 1 byte = 8 bits 1 KB = 1024 bytes = 210 1 MB = 1000 KB = 220 1 GB = 1000 MB = 230 • Secondary (permanent) storage generally much larger than primary (temporary) storage. CSE 1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 30

A Typical Microcomputer Configuration 1. A microcomputer - processor 2. A keyboard and a Mouse - input 3. A colour monitor (screen) - soft copy 4. A printer - hard copy 5. Disk drives for permanent storage ( 1 should be interchangeable type) OTHER OPTIONS 6. A CD-ROM unit (probably Read/Write capability 7. A modem/communications adapter 8. Voice/Audio 9. Video Card CSE 1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 31

In June 2003 Intel Pentium 4 2. 4 GHz 256 Mb DDR Ram (266 MHz) 40 Gb Hard Disk 17 in Viewsonic E 370 Monitor 32 x 8 x 4 CD-Rewriter PS/2 Keyboard and Mouse 1. 44 Mb Floppy disk drive Intel PRO/100 Network Controller Compaq Micro. Tower CSE 1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 32

June 2003 MS office XP Professional No Office Software Mentioned - Allow $940. 00 No Anti. Virus Allow $85 (Vet) $1, 649 ( $2654) Could be better priced at a Swap Meet. CSE 1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 33

And in June 2004 HP Compaq Business Desktop • Intel Pentium 4 Processor with HT Technology - 2. 8 GHz, 1 MB cache, 800 Mhz FSB (hyper thread) • Microsoft Windows with XP Professional • Microsoft Office Small Business Edition 2003 - Word, Excel, Powerpoint, Publisher and Outlook • 512 MB Ram PC 3200 (400 MHz), DVD/Combo drive • 80 GB Ultra Sata 7200 rpm Hard Drive • 15 in TFT Monitor (extra $450) 17 in TFT monitor extra $600 • Price ; $1749 ($15. 18 per week - independent rental Company) (keyboard, floppy drive, mouse, printer, communications, antivirus software ? ? ? ) CSE 1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 34

June 2004 HP Compaq Business Notebook • Intel Centrino Mobile Technology • Intel Pentium M Processor 753 • Integrated Intel Pro 11 b/g Wireless LAN • Microsoft Windows XP Professional • 15. 4 widescreen (1680 x 1050 display) • 512 MB 333 Mhz SDRAM • 80 GB 5400 rpm Hard Drive • Integrated DVD+RW drive • Processor Speed 1. 7 GHz, 400 MHz • and the price ? $3, 495 (or $29. 93 per week) CSE 1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 35

More Information Tutorials are in Laboratories B 3. 42 B B 3. 43 B 3. 45 and B 3. 46 They run from 1. 30 pm to 3. 00 pm and are on 22/11, 23/11, 24/11 and 25/11 29/11, 30/11, 1/12 and 2/12 6/12, 7/12 and 8/12/2005 The examination is on Friday 10 th December. It will start at 9. 30 m. CSE 1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 36

A Microcomputer ‘System’ Main Micro Processor Auxiliary MPU Co-Processor Main Memory RAM Other System Controllers and Devices ROM System Bus Keyboard Interface Video Display Parallel Floppy Disk Interface Serial Interface Device Controller CSE 1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 37

Directory Tree Structure Root Directory c: CSE 1720 MKT 1120 FIN 1130 week 1 assgn 1 week 2 exercises week 3 notes pastexam CSE 1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 38

Linking Micro Components These are some terms you will meet in connection with microcomputers. Some of them are applicable to mini and main frame units. 1. Bus architecture - the path along which the processor sends data and commands to RAM and peripheral devices. 2. Port - term used to identify connection point to the bus * serial: serial transmission of data i. e. one bit at a time * parallel: transmission of several bits at the same time CSE 1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 39

More on Buses • PCI = Peripheral Component Interconnect (Macintosh) • VESA = Video Electronics Standards Association • MCA = Micro. Channel Architecture (IBM PS/2) • EISA = Extended Industry Standard Architecture • ISA = Industry Standard Architecture (ISA is 16 bit (binary digit). The others are 32 and 16 bit) USB - Universal Serial Bus SCSI - Small Computer System Interface IEEE 1394 - Fire. Wire (I. link) CSE 1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 40

Linking Micro Components 2 Expansion Slots and Add-On Boards : RAM - allows additional memory to be added Colour and Graphics Adapter - EGA, VGA, Super VGA Modem - Communications facilities with remote computers (nodes) Serial and parallel ports - increase capacity Printer Spooler - offers overlap print/processing Hard Disk - an additional disk storage capability Co-processor - Additional processor used for maths functions Network Interface - Facilitates and controls the exchange of data in a network Any others that you know about ?

Microcomputer Developments • Publicity about ‘computer developments’ is biased towards the ‘Personal’ machines = greatest number of users There also developments in the Workstation, Mini and Mainframe ranges CSE 1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 42

Microcomputer Developments Development in the areas of: • Speeds (cycle speeds of processors 1. 7 GHz for Pentium - compare with 12 MHz in 1990) • Disk Capacity - Currently 64 Gigabyte • Memory Size - Up to 2 Gb. Compare with 640 Kb in late 1980’s • Add-On Chips - e. g. MMX facilities • Current tasks - Up to 32. Previously 2 • Reliability - exceptionally high for ‘quality’ units • Cost : Approx $2, 500 now. Previously > $15, 000 CSE 1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 43

Multiple Processing Main Memory Processor A Processor B CSE 1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 44

Multiple Processing Dissimilar Processors - Independent Memories Memory Large CPU Memory Small CPU CSE 1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 45

Multiple Processors Dissimilar Processors Sharing Main Memory Small CPU Large CPU Small CPU CSE 1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 46

Other Arrangements Duplexed and Dual Systems Front End Processor File Storage Switch Front End Processor File Storage CSE 1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 47

Other Arrangements Multiple Computer Network with Physically Centralised Data Base Node A high speed communications lines Node E Node B Centralised Data Base Node C Node D CSE 1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 48

Other Arrangements A Multi. Processing Configuration Processor Data Base Front End Processor Data Base CSE 1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 49

Duplexed and Dual Systems Front End Processor File Storage Switch Front End Processor File Storage CSE 1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 50

Parallel Processing Control Processor 1 R A M Processor 2 R A M Processor 3 R A M Results Assembled for Output CSE 1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 51

Intranet and Internet Relationship Intranet All connections TCP/IP Firewall Internet CSE 1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 52

Server-Side Connectivity SQL Web server with middleware extension Database Server HTML/XML SQL Statements and Formatting requirements Database CSE 1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 53

Server-Side Connectivity Database Request SQL Middleware server with Listener Web Server HTML/XML SQL statements and formatting requirements Database Server Results Database CSE 1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 54

Some Web Basics Client-Server Computing with Middleware CSE 1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 55

Some Web Basics Two Tier Architecture SQL Statements Database Server Database Query Results CSE 1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 56

Three Tier Architecture Application Server SQL Statements Database Server Application Server Query Results CSE 1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 57

Excel • Let’s look at Excel, the spreadsheet software • It was mainly due to a spreadsheet (Visi. Calc) that personal computers became an ‘essential’ component of the Business environment CSE 1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 58

Electronic Spreadsheets What is an electronic spreadsheet or worksheet ? It is a Computer Software package which allows a user to • • Manipulate mainly NUMERIC data Develop formulae Define certain DATA TYPES Store and Retrieve Files (Spreadsheet and Graphs also called Charts) • Produce results in Text, or Graphics, or both forms • Include security controls CSE 1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 59

Electronic Spreadsheets It is a Computer Software package which allows a user to • Access BUILT-IN Functions • Develop ‘Automatic’ programs known as Macros • Present data and results in a MATRIX form • Access a large number of Menu Options • Access extensive built in Help facilities • Create quick, accurate and representative numeric profiles of Business conditions and / or problems • Rapidly amend both data and processing • Join data from multiple spreadsheets • Create simulations CSE 1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 60

Electronic Spreadsheets • Prepare information for Management Decision Making processes • Develop systems for Productivity gains • Develop systems for Personal interests • Import and Export data from other software such as Microsoft Word, Access, Power. Point, Corel. DRAW!, Harvard, Word. Perfect, and a range of other software • Some software: Lotus, Excel, Knowledgeman, Easycalc, Visicalc, As. Easy. As, Paradox. . . . CSE 1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 61

Electronic Spreadsheets are ‘User Friendly’. The current software provides : • • • Windows based software Multiple Tool Bars, Status bar, Function A Description of the current selected function Multiple Menu and Sub-Menu Options A wide range of Built in functions: Mathematical, Financial, Accounting, Engineering, Logical, Text Handling, Database, Statistical. . . =sum(range), =if(statement), =pmt(statement), etc • Spellcheck CSE 1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 62

Electronic Spreadsheets • Some Excel Formatting and Editing Facilities • • Colour setting - text , diagrams, cell backgrounds Pattern settings Numeric editing - $, %, . . 0. 00 + - ( ) Credits in Red Alignment of Text and Data in cells - Left, Centre, Right, Horizontal and Vertical • Underlining, Italics, Bolding, Font • Boxing and filling Size, Font Styles boxing CSE 1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 63

Electronic Spreadsheets File Security : • Save, Save with Backup (always) • Password Protection • GLOBAL (total spreadsheet) and LOCAL Protection • Multi User Access - Workgroups • Validation function (as in the exercises) CSE 1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 64

Electronic Spreadsheets COLUMN A ROW B 1 2 3 4 This cell address is B 3. The cell may also be named e. g. Total CSE 1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 65

Cell Addressing Modes 1. Relative This refers to the change of cell addresses when a formula or a reference is copied to another cell or range of cells Assume that in A 12 there is a formula =sum(A 1: A 11) If this formula is copied to B 12, then the formula addresses A 1 to A 11 alter to B 11 if/when any of the values in cells A 1: A 11 change, so does the content of A 12, but not the contents of B 12 If the formula is moved to B 12, then there is no alteration to the embedded addresses, BUT there is no formula in A 12 CSE 1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 66

Addressing • ABSOLUTE Used to ‘fix’ an embedded address when this address is moved to another cell or cells as in cascade copy or move operations The format is (for example) $D$25 The cell reference will not alter when copied or moved from the current cell to another cell. CSE 1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 67

An Example: Cell B 12 contains the formula =sum($D$25*A 12). If this formula is copied to another cell, the $D$25 will NOT alter. The RELATIVE address A 12 WILL ALTER. B 12 =sum($d$25*A 12) D =sum($d$25*C 12) CSE 1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 68

Addressing • Other Representations Column Reference Row Reference • $D$25 will not change • $D 25 will not change will change • D$25 will change will not change • D 25 will change • The F 4 function key is used to change the mode CSE 1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 69

Editing Functions • Used to highlight items in the body of a spreadsheet Regularly used features are: • Justification of data in cells (Left, Right, Centre) • Decimal Point placement (or no decimal) • Definition of Numbers - % $ , Credit, • Insertion of Rows, Columns • Deletion of Rows, Columns • Upper and Lower case • Text and Background color • Boxing • Underlining, double lining, CSE 1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 70

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More Information Tutorials are in Laboratories B 3. 42 B B 3. 43 B 3. 45 and B 3. 46 They run from 1. 30 pm to 3. 00 pm and are on 22/11, 23/11, 24/11 and 25/11 29/11, 30/11, 1/12 and 2/12 6/12, 7/12 and 8/12/2005 The examination is on Friday 10 th December. It will start at 9. 30 m. CSE 1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 72

http: //www. csse. monash. edu. au/courseware/cse 1 720 s See you same time, same place, tomorrow supercalifragilisticexpialigosis CSE 1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 73