Lecture 6 Passive Voice Causative Verbs PASSIVE VOICE

Lecture 6 Passive Voice Causative Verbs

PASSIVE VOICE

Forming the passive • Form of the passive: be + past participle • Only transitive verbs (verbs that are followed by an object) are used in the passive. • Example: S V O – ACTIVE: Mary helped the boy. S V O – PASSIVE: The boy was helped by Mary. S V – ACTIVE: An accident happened. – PASSIVE: (none)

Using the passive ADV (PLACE) S V • PASSIVE: Rice is grown in India • ACTIVE : ? Someone grow rice in India • Usually the passive is used without the “by phrase” when it is not known or not important to know who exactly perform the action.

Examples GRAMMAR Simple present Present progressive Present perfect Simple past Past progressive Past perfect Simple future Be going to Future perfect ACTIVE Mary helps John. Mary is helping John. Mary has helped John. Mary was helping John. Mary had helped John. Mary will help John. Mary is going to help John. Mary will have helped John. PASSIVE John is helped by Mary John is being helped by Mary John has been helped by Mary John was being helped by Mary John had been helped by Mary John will be helped by Mary John is going to be helped by Mary John will have been helped by Mary The progressive form of the present perfect, past perfect, future, and future perfect are rarely used in passive

Indirect objects as passive subjects • Active: Indirect object Direct object – Someone gave Mrs. Lee an award. – Someone gave an award to Mrs. Lee. • Passive: – Mrs. Lee was given an award. – An award was given to Mrs. Lee. • Either I. O. or D. O. may become the subject of the passive voice. • When the D. O. become the subject, to is usually used in front of the I. O.