Lecture 6 Historical Developments 604 900 Ann T

Lecture 6: Historical Developments 604 -900 Ann T. Orlando 22 February 2011 CH 500 Lecture 6 ATO 1

Introduction n n n Review of historical situation in 7 th C Rise of Islam Charlemagne Europe after Charlemagne Eastern (Byzantine) Efforts to oppose Islam Review Readings CH 500 Lecture 6 ATO 2

Historical Situation in Early 7 th C in West n n City of Rome is a desolate ruin with poor sanitation and filled with very poor people; under direct authority of Pope q Pope St. Gregory the Great rebuilds sanitation and water supply q Feeds the hungry Bishops are often the only real source of learning, administration and civil justice Irish and Roman missionaries have some success in converting pagan and Arian tribes Visigoths rule Spain; Vandals rule North Africa; Lombards rule northern Italy; Byzantine control of Southern Italy and Sicily, Franks rule Western France; Anglo-Saxons in England; Alamani in Germany CH 500 Lecture 6 ATO 3

Historical Situation in Early 7 th C in East n n n Unified politically under control of Byzantine Emperor from Egypt to Danube But monophysites in Egypt and Nestorians in Syria undermine religious unity Primary contact between East and West is through the Pope Ecclesial authorities are subordinate to civil Eastern Empire will see itself as the continuation of ancient Roman Empire until the fall of Constantinople in 1453 CH 500 Lecture 6 ATO 4

Late Sixth Century Eastern Mediterranean ocw. nd. edu/arabic-and-middle-east-studies/islamic-societies-of-the-middle-east -and-north/lectures/Lecture%201. html CH 500 Lecture 6 ATO 5

Rise of Islam n Muhammad (570 -632) q q q n n The flight from Mecca to Medina (622) is beginning of Muslim calendar (prior to this time, referred to a Age of Ignorance) Qur’an is revelation given to Muhammad; its language, Arabic, is part of that revelation Founded a religious and political movement aimed at uniting all Arab tribes. By 716 all of North Africa, Sicily and the Iberian peninsula was under Muslim control By 730 France and Constantinople were threatened CH 500 Lecture 6 ATO 6

Early Islamic Political Leadership n First four caliphs: q q n Rashidun, rightly guided Umayyads Abbasids Fatimids Like Hellenistic kingdoms after Alexander and then the Romans, Arab Muslims found territory too large to rule consistently by one power CH 500 Lecture 6 ATO 7

Early Islamic Culture n New Capital Cities q q n Damascus, old city but new capital Baghdad Cairo Cordoba Arabic becomes the common language q q Replaces Greek in Southern Mediterranean, Persia Replaces Latin in North Africa, Spain as common language CH 500 Lecture 6 ATO 8

Rise of Islam 7 th C ocw. nd. edu/arabic-and-middle-east-studies/islamic-societies -of-the-middle-east-and-north/lectures/lecture-3 CH 500 Lecture 6 ATO 9

Merovingian Dynasty (496 -741) n Recall Conversion of Chlodwech (Clovis) 496 in Rheims as a Catholic Christian q q n Real power was with wealthy land owners, especially Mayor of Palace, q n n Clovis is beginning of Merovingian dynasty in France When Clovis dies in 511, control is divided among his sons Attached to king by oaths of loyalty and promise to provide troops Bishops take an increasingly secular role; judicial and military because they were also large land owners Custom develops that the king appoints bishops Merovingian kings become weak and ineffective rulers Transition from Roman system to early feudalism CH 500 Lecture 6 ATO 10

Rise of Carolingians n n n Largest land owners, and Mayor of Palace, in early 8 th C was family of Charles Martel (Charles the Hammer) stopped the Muslim army at Tours in 732 Charles’ son, Pepin (Pippin) the Short (714 -758), asks Pope Zachary if incompetent rulers should rule, Zachary says no Pepin overthrows last Merovingian ruler, Childric the Stupid; Pope Stephen II goes to France to anoint Pepin king (note: St. Boniface may have anointed him first) Pepin invades Italy and rescues the Papacy from Lombards and threats from Muslims in Sicily CH 500 Lecture 6 ATO 11

Papal Control of Western Europe n n n Pepin gave central Italy to the Pope in 754; beginning of Papal States (lasted until 19 th C) Problem: Constantinople had a claim to Italy Papacy justifies its land holdings with one of most famous forgeries of all time: Donation of Constantine q q q n This document claimed that Constantine gave control of Western Empire to Pope Accepted as genuine until 15 th C Basis for Papal claims to political power in Europe King nominates bishops, but appointed by Pope CH 500 Lecture 6 ATO 12

Charlemagne (747 -814) n n n Pepin and his wife, Bertha the Big Foot, have son, Karl, later known as Charlemagne Reclaimed parts of northeastern Spain from Muslims (Song of Roland) Defeated Saxons and forced their conversion to Catholicism United Western Europe; established capital at Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle) Crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III in Rome Christmas Day 800 Note a problem: there was already a Holy Roman Emperor in Constantinople CH 500 Lecture 6 ATO 13

Charlemagne’s Empire CH 500 Lecture 6 ATO 14

Impact of Charlemagne’s Rule n n n Enforced Latin, Roman liturgy Established centers of learning for clergy and monks (although he could not read) Setup European-wide system of administration Establish precedent of Western Holy Roman Empire Cemented special relationship between Pope and France CH 500 Lecture 6 ATO 15

After Charlemagne n n Kingdom divided among his three sons at Treaty of Verdun Sons are weakened rulers, creating a power vacuum Viking invasions begin during Charlemagne’s lifetime, and increase throughout Europe in 8 th C Lingering problem: who’s in charge politically, Pope or King CH 500 Lecture 6 ATO 16

Extent of Viking Conquests darkwing. uoregon. edu/%7 Eatlas/europe/static/map 16. html CH 500 Lecture 6 ATO 17

Western Relations with Byzantium n Major political issues from Byzantium’s perspective q q n Contributing to weakened position of Byzantium q q q n Donation of Constantine Coronation of Charlemagne by Pope Muslim invasions Iconoclast controversy in East Empress Irene Efforts made to arrange a marriage between Byzantine Empress Irene and Charlemagne, but not effective CH 500 Lecture 6 ATO 18

Mediterranean 9 th C CH 500 Lecture 6 ATO 19

Readings n Vidmar, 88 -117. Note he and I disagree about the break from ‘dark’ to medieval; q q n Mc. Manners, Ch 3 (Mayr-Harting) q q n Boniface NOT an embryonic English Protestant Only skim this chapter; pictures and captions better than text Mc. Manners, Ch 5 (Johns) q n Vidmar takes ‘dark’ to 1000; I stop ‘dark’ at 900 (foundation of Cluny, taming of Vikings part of medieval for me) Read 163 -170 carefully CCC 232 -242 CH 500 Lecture 6 ATO 20

Readings (cont. ) n Donation of Constantine q q q n Read all carefully What land, rights, powers, symbols of office does Constantine give? From what you know already of history of church and history of doctrine, why might you be suspicious of this document? Einhard, Life of Charlemagne q q Read all Pay special attention to relations with Eastern (Byzantine) Empire, Islamic Empire, Pope CH 500 Lecture 6 ATO 21

Reading (Optional) n Jonas of Orleans (780 – 843) q q q Bishop during reign of Pepin Short and Charlemagne Wrote The Institution of the King Builds on Gelasius’ Letter CH 500 Lecture 6 ATO 22