LECTURE 5 CHAPTER 4 THE SOUNDS OF LANGUAGE




![Vowel Height High Upper High Lower High [i], [u] [ɪ], [ʊ] Mid Upper Mid Vowel Height High Upper High Lower High [i], [u] [ɪ], [ʊ] Mid Upper Mid](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/f80a8f3b339e8a08580f2e23377d92dd/image-5.jpg)
![Vowel Height High Mid Low [i] [ɛ] [æ] eat/ key/ see dead, pet, said Vowel Height High Mid Low [i] [ɛ] [æ] eat/ key/ see dead, pet, said](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/f80a8f3b339e8a08580f2e23377d92dd/image-6.jpg)
![Vowel Height Upper High [i], [u] [i] (front) e. g. eat/ key/ see [u] Vowel Height Upper High [i], [u] [i] (front) e. g. eat/ key/ see [u]](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/f80a8f3b339e8a08580f2e23377d92dd/image-7.jpg)
![Vowel Height Lower High [ɪ], [ʊ] [ɪ] e. g. hit, myth, women [ʊ] e. Vowel Height Lower High [ɪ], [ʊ] [ɪ] e. g. hit, myth, women [ʊ] e.](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/f80a8f3b339e8a08580f2e23377d92dd/image-8.jpg)
![Vowel Height Upper Mid [e], [ə], [o] [e] e. g. great, tail, weight [ə] Vowel Height Upper Mid [e], [ə], [o] [e] e. g. great, tail, weight [ə]](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/f80a8f3b339e8a08580f2e23377d92dd/image-9.jpg)
![Vowel Height Lower Mid [ɛ], [ʌ], [ɔ] [ɛ] e. g. dead, pet, said [ʌ] Vowel Height Lower Mid [ɛ], [ʌ], [ɔ] [ɛ] e. g. dead, pet, said [ʌ]](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/f80a8f3b339e8a08580f2e23377d92dd/image-10.jpg)
![Vowel Height Upper Low [æ] e. g. ban, laugh, sat [ɒ] e. g. Tom, Vowel Height Upper Low [æ] e. g. ban, laugh, sat [ɒ] e. g. Tom,](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/f80a8f3b339e8a08580f2e23377d92dd/image-11.jpg)
![Vowel Height Lower Low [a] e. g. bomb, swan (American) [ɑ] e. g. spa, Vowel Height Lower Low [a] e. g. bomb, swan (American) [ɑ] e. g. spa,](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/f80a8f3b339e8a08580f2e23377d92dd/image-12.jpg)


![Lip roundedness Rounded [u], [ʊ], [o], [ɔ], [ɒ] [u] e. g. noon Unrounded [i], Lip roundedness Rounded [u], [ʊ], [o], [ɔ], [ɒ] [u] e. g. noon Unrounded [i],](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/f80a8f3b339e8a08580f2e23377d92dd/image-15.jpg)

![Activity: identifying diphthongs Call Top top Haste Hide Fright Joy Avoid Proud hide [ay] Activity: identifying diphthongs Call Top top Haste Hide Fright Joy Avoid Proud hide [ay]](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/f80a8f3b339e8a08580f2e23377d92dd/image-17.jpg)



![Transcription Practice Transcribe the following words Kick Boot She Thin [k. Ik] [but] [ʃi] Transcription Practice Transcribe the following words Kick Boot She Thin [k. Ik] [but] [ʃi]](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/f80a8f3b339e8a08580f2e23377d92dd/image-21.jpg)


- Slides: 23

LECTURE 5: CHAPTER 4: THE SOUNDS OF LANGUAGE LECTURER: HAIFA ALROQI Introduction to Linguistics - LANE 321

What is a vowel? produced with a relatively free flow of air Vowels are all voiced

Describing Vowels How do we describe/ classify consonants? Voicing POA MOA How do we describe/ classify vowels? How high is the highest part of the tongue in the mouth? How front or back is the highest part of the tongue in the mouth? Are the lips rounded or unrounded?

Describing Vowels How high is the highest part of the tongue in the mouth? High Mid Low How front or back is the highest part of the tongue in the mouth? Front Central Back
![Vowel Height High Upper High Lower High i u ɪ ʊ Mid Upper Mid Vowel Height High Upper High Lower High [i], [u] [ɪ], [ʊ] Mid Upper Mid](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/f80a8f3b339e8a08580f2e23377d92dd/image-5.jpg)
Vowel Height High Upper High Lower High [i], [u] [ɪ], [ʊ] Mid Upper Mid Lower Mid [e], [ə], [o] [ɛ], [ʌ], [ɔ] Low Upper Lower Low [æ], [ɒ] [a], [ɑ]
![Vowel Height High Mid Low i ɛ æ eat key see dead pet said Vowel Height High Mid Low [i] [ɛ] [æ] eat/ key/ see dead, pet, said](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/f80a8f3b339e8a08580f2e23377d92dd/image-6.jpg)
Vowel Height High Mid Low [i] [ɛ] [æ] eat/ key/ see dead, pet, said ban, laugh, sat
![Vowel Height Upper High i u i front e g eat key see u Vowel Height Upper High [i], [u] [i] (front) e. g. eat/ key/ see [u]](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/f80a8f3b339e8a08580f2e23377d92dd/image-7.jpg)
Vowel Height Upper High [i], [u] [i] (front) e. g. eat/ key/ see [u] (back) e. g. move/ two/ too
![Vowel Height Lower High ɪ ʊ ɪ e g hit myth women ʊ e Vowel Height Lower High [ɪ], [ʊ] [ɪ] e. g. hit, myth, women [ʊ] e.](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/f80a8f3b339e8a08580f2e23377d92dd/image-8.jpg)
Vowel Height Lower High [ɪ], [ʊ] [ɪ] e. g. hit, myth, women [ʊ] e. g. could, foot, put
![Vowel Height Upper Mid e ə o e e g great tail weight ə Vowel Height Upper Mid [e], [ə], [o] [e] e. g. great, tail, weight [ə]](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/f80a8f3b339e8a08580f2e23377d92dd/image-9.jpg)
Vowel Height Upper Mid [e], [ə], [o] [e] e. g. great, tail, weight [ə] e. g. above, sofa, support [o] e. g. no, road, toe
![Vowel Height Lower Mid ɛ ʌ ɔ ɛ e g dead pet said ʌ Vowel Height Lower Mid [ɛ], [ʌ], [ɔ] [ɛ] e. g. dead, pet, said [ʌ]](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/f80a8f3b339e8a08580f2e23377d92dd/image-10.jpg)
Vowel Height Lower Mid [ɛ], [ʌ], [ɔ] [ɛ] e. g. dead, pet, said [ʌ] e. g. blood, putt, tough [ɔ] e. g. ball, caught, raw
![Vowel Height Upper Low æ e g ban laugh sat ɒ e g Tom Vowel Height Upper Low [æ] e. g. ban, laugh, sat [ɒ] e. g. Tom,](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/f80a8f3b339e8a08580f2e23377d92dd/image-11.jpg)
Vowel Height Upper Low [æ] e. g. ban, laugh, sat [ɒ] e. g. Tom, hot, got (UK)
![Vowel Height Lower Low a e g bomb swan American ɑ e g spa Vowel Height Lower Low [a] e. g. bomb, swan (American) [ɑ] e. g. spa,](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/f80a8f3b339e8a08580f2e23377d92dd/image-12.jpg)
Vowel Height Lower Low [a] e. g. bomb, swan (American) [ɑ] e. g. spa, ﻃﻮﻳﻞ , father


Front and back vowels He /hi/ Who /hu/
![Lip roundedness Rounded u ʊ o ɔ ɒ u e g noon Unrounded i Lip roundedness Rounded [u], [ʊ], [o], [ɔ], [ɒ] [u] e. g. noon Unrounded [i],](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/f80a8f3b339e8a08580f2e23377d92dd/image-15.jpg)
Lip roundedness Rounded [u], [ʊ], [o], [ɔ], [ɒ] [u] e. g. noon Unrounded [i], [ɪ], [e], [ɛ], [æ], [ə], [a], [ʌ] [i] e. g. heat

Diphthongs A combination of two sounds begins with a vowel & ends with the glides [w] or [j] vowel + glide [aw] cow, down, loud, doubt [ɔy] or [ɔj] boy, toy, noise, void [ay] or [aj] ride, high, bye, eye, my
![Activity identifying diphthongs Call Top top Haste Hide Fright Joy Avoid Proud hide ay Activity: identifying diphthongs Call Top top Haste Hide Fright Joy Avoid Proud hide [ay]](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/f80a8f3b339e8a08580f2e23377d92dd/image-17.jpg)
Activity: identifying diphthongs Call Top top Haste Hide Fright Joy Avoid Proud hide [ay] [ɔy] [aw] [ay] Fright Avoid joy Proud

Vowels’ full description Can be classified according to three parameters: height, backness, and lip rounding Examples: [i] high front unrounded vowel [u] high back rounded vowel

Phonetic Transcription The best-known system: The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) IPA has been developing since 1888. The system represents each sound of human speech with a single symbol. The symbol is enclosed in brackets [ ] or / /.

Phonetic Transcription We can use IPA transcription across languages, there is one symbol for EVERY possible human sound There is a 1 -1 correspondence of sound to symbol Cat Cell [kæt] [sɛl]
![Transcription Practice Transcribe the following words Kick Boot She Thin k Ik but ʃi Transcription Practice Transcribe the following words Kick Boot She Thin [k. Ik] [but] [ʃi]](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/f80a8f3b339e8a08580f2e23377d92dd/image-21.jpg)
Transcription Practice Transcribe the following words Kick Boot She Thin [k. Ik] [but] [ʃi] [ðə] [θɪn]

Important terms Articulatory phonetics articulators Consonants and vowels Places of articulation Manner of articulation Voicing Parameters for describing vowels Phonetic transcription

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