Lecture 5 b Lipids II 1 Overview of

Lecture 5 b Lipids II 1

Overview of lecture 5 b 1)Lipids in foods 2)Lipids in functional foods 3)Lipids in nutraceuticals 2

Overview of lecture 5 b continued 4) Lipids in health and disease A)blood pressure B)heart disease C)diabetes • 3

1)Lipids in foods All lipid classifications we have discussed are in foods Animals and plants have free fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids and sterols 4

LIPIDS IN FOODS CONTINUED Animal have cholesterols (free cholesterol and cholesteryl esters) Plants have phytosterols (free and esterified) 5

LIPIDS IN FOODS CONTINUED Grains breads/oatmeal < 1 g fat/serving croissant 10 g fat/medium Overall, generally very little fat 6

Lipids in foods continued fruits and vegetables boiled potato –trace homemade hashbrowns 11 g fat/1/2 cup apple 0. 4 g fat/medium avocado 15 g fat/medium very little fat usually 7

Lipids in the foods continued Milk, yogurt and cheese whole milk regular yogurt regular cheese 8 g/cup 4 g/cup 9 g/28 g (1 oz) generally more fat than grains, fruits and vegetables but can also get fat free and reduced fat varieties 8

Lipids in foods continued Meats, poultry, fish, peas, beans, lentils generally more fat than milk, yogurt and cheese but can also get lean meats chuck blade and pork chicken with skin fish - salmon - cod nuts 11 g/ 3 oz (84 g) 12 g/3 oz (84 g) 5 g/3 oz 0. 7 g/3 oz 14 -21 g/3 oz 9

LIPIDS IN FOODS CONTINUED MODIFIED FOODS carbohydrate replacers (pectin) protein replacers (eg derived from a corn protein) fat replacers (eg olestra) 10

2)LIPIDS IN FUNCTIONAL FOODS margarines-benecol -becel-pro-activ -corn oil -flax oil -canola oil chicken feed- omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids 11

LIPIDS IN FUNCTIONAL FOODS CONTINUED Fish-omega 3 s canola/flax-omega 3 s sea buckthorn oil-mix of omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids 12

Fig. 5 -6, p. 138

3)LIPIDS IN NUTRACEUTICALS evening primrose oil-omega 6 borage oil- omega 6 blackcurrant oil- mix of omega 6 and omega 3 fungal oil-omega 6 and sometimes omega 3 fish oil-omega 3 flax oil-omega 3 canola oil-omega 3 14

A)Blood pressure Pathology too much fluid volume pushed through too small a space 15

Blood pressure continued Diet and lipids for hypertension reduce saturated fat, increase monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats 16

Blood pressure continued Functional foods arachidonic displacement theme e. g. flaxseed or fish 17

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phospholipase A 2 removes AA, DGLA or EPA from phospholipid cyclooxygenase converts AA, DGLA or EPA and makes PGs 19 lipoxygenase converts AA,

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ARACHIDONIC ACID DISPLACEMENTPLEASE CLICK ON YOUTUBE LINK IMMEDIATELY BELOW http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=018 Pxn. H 702 k 22

BORAGE OIL IS RICH IN GAMMA-LINOLENIC ACID DGLA increased DGLA – in phospholipid results in increased PGE 1 (PGE 1 is anti-aggregatory AND vasodilatory AND anti-inflammatory) decreased AA-in phospholipid results in decreased-Tx. A 2 and PGE 2 (Tx. A 2 and PGE 2 are pro-aggregatory AND vasoconstrictory AND pro-inflammatory) 23

Blood pressure continued Nutraceuticals evening primrose oil-GLA(omega 6) borage oil- GLA(omega 6) black currant oil-GLA and ALA (omega 6 and omega 3) fish oil-EPA and DHA (both omega 3) 24

b)Heart disease pathology lipids lipoproteins platelets 25

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HEART DISEASE continued Diet reduce saturated fatty acids, increase mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids 27

Heart disease continued Functional foods fish –omega 3 s soy-isoflavones garlic-allicin phytosterols can reduce intestinal absorption of cholesterol and hence contribute to reduced 28 heart disease

Heart disease continued Nutraceuticals evening primrose oil borage oil black currant oil fungal oil fish oil 29

3)Diabetes Pathology type 1 type 2 gestational 30

DIABETES CONTINUED Diet type 1 - prevention-nitrosamines -cow’s milk -post-onset- insulin and diet must match up with each other to manage blood glucose type 2 and gestational-pre-onset eat to avoid adipose tissue gain type 2 and gestational post-onset lower saturated fatty acids, increase monoand poly-unsaturated fatty acids 31

DIABETES CONTINUED functional foods -fish 32

Diabetes continued Nutraceuticals evening primrose oil borage oil black currant oil fish oil 33

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A)rheumatoid arthritis pathology diet ELIMINATION THERAPY 38

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Rheumatoid arthritis continued Elimination diet dong diet-simple foods (seafood, veggies, and rice while eliminating additives, preservatives, red meat, herbs, dairy products, spices, carbonated drinks and ethanol) 40

Arthritis and diet continued Elimination therapy no difference between dong and placebo diets for RA patients-other dietary elimination studies have come up with the same thing role of diet in RA is controversial because existing studies do not give clear cut results 41

ARTHRITIS CONTINUED Functional foods fish-doesn’t work -no other proven examples of functional foods 42

Arthritis continued Nutraceuticals-anti-inflammatory evening primrose oil borage oil black currant oil fish oil 43

b) Eczema Pathology food allergy or RA associated diet solution-remove food allergen from diet for RA associated diet - no proven dietary approach known 44

Eczema continued functional foods fish-a problem no other proven functional food nutraceuticals evening primrose oil borage oil black currant oil fish oil 45

Cancer pathology diet saturated fat does not cause cancer but promotes once it gets started- not conclusive but reduce saturated fat 46

Cancer continued Functional foods flax-lignans-SDGsecoisolariciresinol diglycosidepotential in prevention and treatment of breast cancer Nutraceuticals phytosterols-may prevent some cancers 47

Obesity Pathology Diet -reduce total fat intake Functional foods-no recommendation Nutraceuticals-no recommendatio 48

Dietary fat recommendations for health • • • increased oleic acid intake and low in saturated and trans fats, and cholesterol total fat-20 -35 % of total energy intake-only above 30 % of total calories if consume increased amounts of oleic acid and with low saturated and trans fat intake(CFG) saturated fat- less than 10 % of total energy intake maximum linoleic acid- 5 -10 % of total energy intake-essential fatty acid alpha-linolenic acid- 0. 6 -1. 2 % of daily calories- ALA is an essential fatty acid 49

Dietary fat recommendations for health cholesterol-300 mg /day max in persons not at risk of clinically significant atherosclerosis eat vegetables, fruit and grains in accordance with Canada food guide-helps manage fat intake 50

Dietary fat recommendations for health Omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acid intake and cognitive performance 51

What is new in lipid research? Bhatt et al. 2019. Cardiovascular Risk Reduction with Icosapent Ethyl for Hypertriglyceridemia. New England Journal of Medicine. 380(1): 11 -22. Icosapent ethyl = ethyl eicosapentaenoic acid (below) 52

What is new in lipid research? Bhatt et al. 2019. Cardiovascular Risk Reduction with Icosapent Ethyl for Hypertriglyceridemia. New England Journal of Medicine. 380(1): 11 -22. “Among patients with elevated triglyceride levels despite the use of statins, the risk of ischemic events, including cardiovascular death, was significantly lower among those who received 2 g of icosapent ethyl twice daily than among those who received placebo”. 53