Lecture 3 Overview Meaning Graphic Design User Behavior

Lecture 3 – Overview Meaning – Graphic Design – User Behavior Design Implications Design Specifics – Colors Magazine Mechanics – CSS – – Cascade External & Internal Style Sheets Selectors Predesigned CSS Layouts in DW – Dreamweaver Demo – Exercise 1 – Step–by–Step – CSS Navigation using Lists – HTML 5 & CSS 3 – HTML 5 Key New Features – CSS 3 Key New Features © Anselm Spoerri

User Behavior Scan pages - don't read them Look for anything = Search Interest Decide quickly Choose first “reasonable item” Muddle through Don't figure out how things work Resist forming models Stick to what works © Anselm Spoerri

Design Implications Scan pages - don't read them • Design for Scanning Make text short - cut words • Make page work at a glance Sufficient left margin, 640 x 480 = main message • Create Visual Hierarchy Look for anything = Search Interest Decide quickly Choose first “reasonable item” • Make obvious what you can do on a page Muddle through Don't figure out how things work Resist forming models • Don't make users think Stick to what works • Repetition & Consistency • Make obvious what is clickable Get rid of question marks Each item = clear purpose Grid Layout, Easy Navigation, Graphics, Color Coding, Typography © Anselm Spoerri

Meaning Graphic Design – Education History – Practical Foundation – Swiss Design School & Grid System Sources – Katherine Mc. Coy, “Education in an Adolescent Profession” – Josef Mueller-Brockmann, “Grid Systems in graphic design” © Anselm Spoerri

Brief History of Graphic Design Education Pre-Modernism – – Focus on Image Associations Lack of Formalized Method: early luminaries self-taught Premium on Creativity: “BIG IDEA” Learn from “Samples and Examples” Functional Modernism – "Swiss School" of Graphic Design – Based on Bauhaus – Focus on Formal Purity rather than Content Post-Modernism – – – Influenced by French Literary Theory Variety of Cultural Contexts and Personal Experiences Possibility of Multiple Interpretations Question Rigidity, Minimalism of Graphic Modernism Subjective, Personal Layers of Meaning & Complexity © Anselm Spoerri

Communication Model - Sender Transmitter Receiver Functional Modernism Post-Modernism Science Language Systematic presentation of objective information Audience's response due to different cultures and subjective experiences Design School Pre-Modernism Guiding Discipline Art Focus on Personal content and creativity © Anselm Spoerri

Communication Model - Transmitter Sender Transmitter Receiver Functional Modernism Post-Modernism Science Language Systematic presentation of objective information Audience's response due to different cultures and subjective experiences Design School Pre-Modernism Guiding Discipline Art Focus on Personal content and creativity © Anselm Spoerri

Communication Model - Receiver Sender Transmitter Receiver Functional Modernism Post-Modernism Science Language Systematic presentation of objective information Audience's response due to different cultures and subjective experiences Design School Pre-Modernism Guiding Discipline Art Focus on Personal content and creativity © Anselm Spoerri

Communication Model Sender Transmitter Receiver Functional Modernism Post-Modernism Science Language Systematic presentation of objective information Audience's response due to different cultures and subjective experiences Design School Pre-Modernism Guiding Discipline Art Focus on Personal content and creativity © Anselm Spoerri

Future of Graphic Design Digital Communications Design – Different Design Strategy than Perfectionist Graphic Design – Less Control, More Conceptual, More Interaction – Users Co-Creators Requires Deeper Understanding of the Communications Process Combines Art, Science and Language Needed Expertise – – – Multimedia Design: Visual Art, Music, Film Communications Theory Cognitive & Perceptual Psychology Social Sciences & Cultural Anthropology Computer Science © Anselm Spoerri

Practical Graphic Design = Organic Process – Cultural, Contextual, Personal – Client & Designer Interaction Good Design is “Stolen” – Emulate what speaks to you Need Practical Foundation – Functional Swiss Design School – Grid Systems © Anselm Spoerri

Swiss Design School Based on Bauhaus – Form follows Function – Minimalism, Universality, Rationality, Abstraction and Structure Focus on Formal Purity rather than Content Grid System – Divide 2 -D plane or 3 -D space into Smaller Fields – Intermediate Space so that Captions and Pictures Don’t Touch © Anselm Spoerri

Grid System – 8 Fields Example © Anselm Spoerri

Grid System – 8 Fields Example Swiss Design School The great Swiss innovators of the 1950 s and 1960 s can be seen as representing the classic phase of modernism, the heirs to Bauhaus graphic design and other early modern European graphic designers. These Swiss innovators applied the Bauhaus functionalist ethic to a systematic graphic method that shared the Bauhaus values of minimalism, universality, rationality, abstraction and structural expressionism. This fresh and highly professional graphic design was first transmitted beyond Switzerland to the rest of Europe and the U. S. through Swiss design magazines and a few books, notably Graphis and the "Swiss" bibles by Muller-Brockmann, Gertsner, Hoffmann and Ruder. Then, in the late 1960 s, several professional offices began to practice these ideas to solve the needs of large corporate clients in Holland, Great Britain, Canada and the U. S. Caption Text The method, symbolized by the typeface Helvetica, was enthusiastically adopted by several corporate and institutional design groups, including Container Corporation, Ciba-Geigy, Herman Miller, IBM and Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Montreal's Expo '67 was a feast of Helvetica and systematic environmental signage, as well as advanced architecture. Eventually, American corporate culture embraced "Swiss" school graphic design as the ideal corporate style. Although "Swiss" graphic design was first adopted in U. S. by professionals in their design practices, soon several leading U. S. graphic design schools followed suit, going directly to the source. © Anselm Spoerri

Grid System - Motivation Solve Visual Problems with Greater Speed & Confidence Maintain Consistency – Title Location – Navigation Location – Image Rhythm Create Visual Hierarchy & Rhythm Invisible Guiding Hand Information Presented Clearly & Logically – Read More Quickly – Understood Better – Better Recall © Anselm Spoerri

Grid Construction Need to Know How Much Text and How Many Images to Be Placed Each Work Raises Many Questions – – How Many Columns? White Space and Margins Have Visual Function? Annotations, Footnotes, Captions? Large and Small Images? How Many? Each Work Requires its Own Specific Grid – Create Small Sketch – Number of Columns Depends on Type Size – Wider Columns Need Larger Type Size than Narrow Columns © Anselm Spoerri

Grid System – 8 Fields © Anselm Spoerri

8 Fields Grid - Image Size Options © Anselm Spoerri

Grid System – 20 Fields © Anselm Spoerri

20 Fields Grid - Example 1 Swiss Design School Although "Swiss" graphic design was first adopted in U. S. by professionals in their design practices, soon several leading U. S. graphic design schools followed suit, going directly to the source. A number of Swiss teachers and their graduates, from Armin Hoffman's Basel school in particular, put down roots in schools including Philadelphia College of Art, University of Cincinnati and Yale. (The Swiss influence seems to have been particularly strong in U. S. and Canadian schools; Europeans have often expressed a certain mystification at this North American reverence for the Basel method. ) Manfred Maier's book, Basic Principles of Design, on the Basel foundation program, was finally available in the U. S. in 1977, spreading this method farther. Under the influence of this highly structured educational method and its emphasis on the prolonged study of abstract design and typographic form, these American schools began to carefully structure their curricula. Based on objectivity and rationalism, this educational system produced a codified method that was easy to communicate to students, giving them a foundation for a visual design process and composition. . This classic modernist graphic aesthetic is distinctly different from the predominantly semantic imagery of the "big idea". It stresses the grammar of design and is rather neutral to content. Regrettably, this language of structural geometry has often resulted in a sameness of form that is more the look of function than truly communicative function-- an emphasis on formal purity rather than content. As this aesthetic spread, however, a number of Europeans, particularly in conjunction with the Ulm school in West Germany, began to apply semiotics to visual communications problems. Related explorations in the science of signs were taking place in structuralist philosophy, linguistics, literature and film theory. Other efforts to develop scientific design processes through communication theory and computer design method began in Great Britain and at the Illinois Institute of Technology during this period. Although the Swiss never embraced these communication theories, some of the sounder graphic design schools outside Switzerland have gradually begun to incorporate theory into their curricula … © Anselm Spoerri

20 Fields Grid - Example 2 Swiss Design School Poster Designs by Josef Muller-Brockmann Caption describing the poster designs. When they were created. Who the client was and their effectiveness. Although "Swiss" graphic design was first adopted in U. S. by professionals in their design practices, soon several leading U. S. graphic design schools followed suit, going directly to the source. A number of Swiss teachers and their graduates, from Armin Hoffman's Basel school in particular, put down roots in schools including Philadelphia College of Art, University of Cincinnati and Yale. (The Swiss influence seems to have been particularly strong in U. S. and Canadian schools; Europeans have often expressed a certain mystification at this North American reverence for the Basel method. ) Manfred Maier's book, Basic Principles of Design, on the Basel foundation program, was finally available in the U. S. in 1977, spreading this method farther. Under the influence of this highly structured educational method and its emphasis on the prolonged study of abstract design and typographic form, these American schools began to carefully structure their curricula. Based on objectivity and rationalism, this educational system produced a codified method that was easy to communicate to students, giving them a foundation for a visual design process and composition that went far beyond the superficial emulation of their heroes. This classic modernist graphic aesthetic is distinctly different from the predominantly semantic imagery of the "big idea". It stresses the grammar of design and is rather neutral to content. © Anselm Spoerri

20 Fields Grid - Example 2 a Swiss Design School Poster Designs by Josef Muller-Brockmann Caption describing the poster designs. When they were created. Who the client was and their effectiveness. Although "Swiss" graphic design was first adopted in U. S. by professionals in their design practices, soon several leading U. S. graphic design schools followed suit, going directly to the source. A number of Swiss teachers and their graduates, from Armin Hoffman's Basel school in particular, put down roots in schools including Philadelphia College of Art, University of Cincinnati and Yale. (The Swiss influence seems to have been particularly strong in U. S. and Canadian schools; Europeans have often expressed a certain mystification at this North American reverence for the Basel method. ) Manfred Maier's book, Basic Principles of Design, on the Basel foundation program, was finally available in the U. S. in 1977, spreading this method farther. Under the influence of this highly structured educational method and its emphasis on the prolonged study of abstract design and typographic form, these American schools began to carefully structure their curricula. Based on objectivity and rationalism, this educational system produced a codified method that was easy to communicate to students, giving them a foundation for a visual design process and composition that went far beyond the superficial emulation of their heroes. This classic modernist graphic aesthetic is distinctly different from the predominantly semantic imagery of the "big idea". It stresses the grammar of design and is rather neutral to content. © Anselm Spoerri

Grid System – Heuristics One Column – Little Freedom for Pictures in Small, Medium and Large Size Two Columns – Text can go in First Column – Illustrations, Images in the Second Column – Text and Images can be Placed in Same Column Three Columns – Variety of Ways of Placing Text and Graphics Four Columns – If a lot of Text or Images Need to be Placed – Statistics with Copious Figures and Graphs – Can be Subdivided into 8 or 16 columns © Anselm Spoerri

Typography Good Typography depends on Visual Contrast – between one font and another – between text blocks and the surrounding empty space. Read by recognizing overall shape of words Avoid all-uppercase headlines monotonous rectangles few distinctive shapes to catch reader's eye Legibility depends on the tops of words Choice of uppercase or lowercase letters can have dramatic effect on legibility. Use Downstyle (capitalize only the first letter, and any proper nouns) for your headlines and subheads © Anselm Spoerri

Typography (cont. ) Readability - how easy it is to read a lot of text – Serif Typeface Better if a Lot of Text – Type Size: 10 – 14 pt – Line Length – Leading or Space between Lines Legibility - how easy it is to recognize short bursts of text – Sans Serif Typeface is Easier to Read on Screen 7 - 10 Words Per Line – Overlong or Overshort Lines Tire Column Width Proportional to Type Size Bold and italic used for small blocks of text – If you make everything bold, then nothing stands out – If you cram every page with dense text, users see a wall of gray Enough Contrast between Type and Background © Anselm Spoerri

Typography (cont. ) Text = Graphic – Only Way to Control Appearance Type Displayed in Relation to Browser's Default Font & Size – No way to know browser defaults Standard Default = Times New Roman Arial (PC) and Geneva (Mac) Always Installed Verdana is Available on Both (newer Macs) Rules – "Paragraph" & "Normal" in browser's default font & size – Heading size in relation to default browser typesize – Special text displayed smaller or larger than browser typesize Specify Font in CSS/HTML: Generally Overrides Default © Anselm Spoerri

User Behavior Design Implications Design Specifics Scan pages - don't read them • Design for Scanning Make text short - cut words • Make page work at a glance Sufficient left margin, 640 x 480 = main message • Create Visual Hierarchy Look for anything = Search Interest Decide quickly Choose first “reasonable item” • Make obvious what you can do • Make obvious what is clickable Muddle through Don't figure out how things work Resist forming models • Don't make users think Get rid of question marks Each item = clear purpose 1 Use Grid System • Maintain Consistency Helps you decide: location of primary & secondary navigation; location and sizes of images; location of headlines, main text, annotations etc. • Create Visual Hierarchy & Rhythm • Present Information Clearly & Logically Users can read info more quickly. Facilitates understanding and recall. • Invisible Hand guiding users and creating sense of place Stick to what works • Repetition & Consistency Grid Layout, Easy Navigation, Graphics, Color Coding, Typography © Anselm Spoerri

User Behavior Design Implications Design Specifics Scan pages - don't read them • Design for Scanning Make text short - cut words • Make page work at a glance Sufficient left margin, 640 x 480 = main message • Create Visual Hierarchy Look for anything = Search Interest Decide quickly Choose first “reasonable item” • Make obvious what you can do • Make obvious what is clickable Muddle through Don't figure out how things work Resist forming models • Don't make users think Get rid of question marks Each item = clear purpose Stick to what works • Repetition & Consistency Grid Layout, Easy Navigation, Graphics, Color Coding, Typography 2 Create Visual Hierarchy & Guide Eye • Important Things = Visually Prominent (More Important = Larger / Sharp Contrast) Use headlines to guide the eye • Visual Contrast Use sharp changes in size (headline), light intensity (bold), color, texture, motion to create contrast. • Proximity: related things spatially close Spatial separation = conceptual separation. Don't mix alignment styles. • Use Grouping & Nesting to Increase Information Density (Short-term Memory = 3 -7) Use bounding shapes. © Anselm Spoerri

User Behavior Design Implications Design Specifics Scan pages - don't read them • Design for Scanning Make text short - cut words • Make page work at a glance Sufficient left margin, 640 x 480 = main message • Create Visual Hierarchy Look for anything = Search Interest Decide quickly Choose first “reasonable item” • Make obvious what you can do • Make obvious what is clickable Muddle through Don't figure out how things work Resist forming models • Don't make users think Get rid of question marks Each item = clear purpose Stick to what works • Repetition & Consistency Grid Layout, Easy Navigation, Graphics, Color Coding, Typography 3 Typography Heuristics • Sans Serif type is easier to read on screen • Type size 10 -14 points • 7 - 10 words per line • Column width proportional to type size • Bold and italic for small blocks of text • Enough contrast between type & background © Anselm Spoerri

User Behavior Design Implications Design Specifics Scan pages - don't read them • Design for Scanning Make text short - cut words 1 Use Grid System • • Make page work at a glance Sufficient left margin, 640 x 480 = main message • Create Visual Hierarchy Look for anything = Search Interest Decide quickly Choose first “reasonable item” • Make obvious what you can do • Make obvious what is clickable Muddle through Don't figure out how things work Resist forming models • • • Maintain Consistency Helps you decide: location of primary & secondary navigation; location and sizes of images; location of headlines, main text, annotations etc. Create Visual Hierarchy & Rhythm Present Information Clearly & Logically Users can read info more quickly. Facilitates understanding and recall. Invisible Hand guiding users and creating sense of place 2 Create Visual Hierarchy & Guide Eye • • • Don't make users think Get rid of question marks Each item = clear purpose • Stick to what works • Repetition & Consistency Grid Layout, Easy Navigation, Graphics, Color Coding, Typography • Important Things = Visually Prominent (More Important = Larger / Sharp Contrast) Use headlines to guide the eye Visual Contrast Use sharp changes in size (headline), light intensity (bold), color, texture, motion to create contrast. Proximity: related things spatially close. Spatial separation = conceptual separation. Don't mix alignment styles. Use Grouping & Nesting to Increase Information Density (Short-term Memory = 3 -7) Use bounding shapes. 3 Typography Heuristics • • • Sans Serif type is easier to read on screen Type size 10 -14 points 7 - 10 words per line Column width proportional to type size Bold and italic used for small blocks of text Enough contrast between type and background © Anselm Spoerri

Requirements for Web Pages Web Page needs to easily answer • What can I do here? Layout Presents Info Clearly & Logically Facilitates Understanding & Recall • Where do I start? Visual Hierarchy Guides Eye to Important Things Web Navigation needs to easily answer • What site is this? Site ID – logo, image, text • What page am I on? Page name • Major sections of site? Primary Navigation Top Row or Left Column Simple text hyperlinks, icons, rollovers, image-maps, pull-downs • Options at this level? Secondary Navigation Below Top Line or Left Column Expanding / Nesting Hierarchies Static or Dynamic Outlines • Where I am? Go higher or home? Color Coding, Breadcrumbs Primary / Secondary Navigation © Anselm Spoerri

Colors Magazine © Anselm Spoerri

Color Magazine © Anselm Spoerri

Colors Magazine – 1 © Anselm Spoerri

Colors Magazine – 2 © Anselm Spoerri

Colors Magazine – 3 © Anselm Spoerri

Colors Magazine – 4 © Anselm Spoerri

Colors Magazine – 5 © Anselm Spoerri

Colors Magazine – 6 © Anselm Spoerri

Colors Magazine – 7 © Anselm Spoerri

Colors Magazine – 8 © Anselm Spoerri

Colors Magazine – 9 © Anselm Spoerri

Colors Magazine – 10 © Anselm Spoerri

Mechanics – CSS: Cascade: Inheritance, Specificity and Location. Inheritance • Html = Hierarchical Structure of the content Elements are contained / appear with other elements (h 1 resides inside a table). • Many properties, but not all, inherited by descendants of elements h 1 is blue and has red border … blue is inherited but not red border by elements residing inside h 1 element. • Inherited rules are considered the most general of all and are overruled by any other rule. Specificity • The more specific the selector, the stronger the rule h 1 with class X rule will overrule h 1 rule. • The id attribute is considered the most specific. © Anselm Spoerri

Mechanics – CSS: Cascade: Inheritance, Specificity and Location • Rules that appear later have more weight. • You can declare a rule to be more important than others by adding !important at the end of the rule. Summary In the absence of a rule, many styles are inherited from parent element to child. With two competing rules, the more specific the rule, the more weight or importance it has – regardless of its location. With two rules of equal specificity, the one that appears later wins. Some CSS properties allow you to specify the URL of another file: if it is a relative URL, then it needs to relative to the external style sheet. © Anselm Spoerri

Mechanics – CSS: External & Internal Style Sheets Linking to External Style Sheet • Dreamweaver places <link …/> code inside <head> tag. • Linking to several external style sheets: the later ones take precedence over earlier ones (location principle). Creating Internal Style Sheet • <style type=”text/css”> … </style> which can be exported in Dreamweaver. Internal style sheet overrides external style sheets if and only if style tag comes after link tag. Applying styles locally is not recommended. To view other designer’s CSS code: view source code of Web page and look at internal style sheet and load URLs for external style sheets. © Anselm Spoerri

Mechanics – CSS: Selectors Selector determines which elements the formatting will be applied to. Declarations define the formatting. Constructing Complex Selectors that apply formatting based on: • type or name of element (e. g. tag) h 1 {color: red; } • context element is found h 1 em {color: red; } h 1. news {color: red; } div#gaudi p = any p element that is contained in the div whose id is equal to gaudi • class (. name) or id (#name) of an element em. news {color: red; } div#gaudi {color: red; } • pseudo-class a: link {color: red; } [only link tag “a” is supported in all current browsers] • certain attributes and values of element div[attribute(=value)] {color: red; } © Anselm Spoerri

Mechanics – CSS: Selectors (cont. ) Selecting Part of Element • tag: first-line • tag: first-letter Selecting Link Element based on their State Navigation Structure Since a link can be in more than one state at a time, it is important to define rules in following order: 1. a: link 2. a: visited 3. a: focus 4. a: hover 5. a: active LVFHA Specifying Groups of Elements: h 1, h 2 {color: red; } © Anselm Spoerri

Mechanics – CSS: Selectors Summary Combining Selectors 1. Define Context 2. Spell out Element’s Name 3. Specify Class or Id of desired element 4. Specify Pseudo-class or Pseudo-element 5. Specify Attributes and Values div. works p em: first-letter {color: red; } © Anselm Spoerri

Mechanics – Predesigned CSS Layouts in DW Select File > New. Predesigned CSS layouts available via in the Layout column: • Fixed • Elastic (not available in CS 5) • Liquid • Hybrid (not available in CS 5) Column width is specified in pixels. The column does not resize based on the size of the browser or the site visitor’s text settings. Column width is specified in a unit of measurement (ems) relative to the size of the text. The design adapts if the site visitor changes text settings, but does not change based on the size of the browser window. Column width is specified as a percentage of the site visitor’s browser width. The design adapts if the site visitor makes the browser wider or narrower, but does not change based on the site visitor’s text settings. Columns are a combination of any of the previous three options. For example, in the two-column hybrid, the right sidebar layout has a liquid main column that scales to the size of the browser, and an elastic column on the right that scales to the size of the site visitor’s text settings. © Anselm Spoerri

Mechanics – Predesigned CSS Layouts in DW (cont. ) Need to select location for the layout’s CSS: • Add To Head Adds CSS for the layout to the head of the page you’re creating. • Create New File Adds CSS for the layout to a new external CSS file and attaches the new style sheet to the page you’re creating. • Link To Existing File Lets you specify an existing CSS file that already contains the CSS rules needed for the layout. This option is particularly useful when you want to use the same CSS layout (the CSS rules for which are contained in a single file) across multiple documents. © Anselm Spoerri

Dreamweaver - Exercise 1 Step–by–step 1 Set up Local / Remote Site 2 Select Predefined CSS Layout 3 Initialize DW and Create External CSS file – Files Names = lowercase; Title Web Pages; Move CSS to external file 4 Create Simple Navigation Structure – – – Customize CSS of predefined design and Add Classes Specify Navigation Categories Create CSS code for different states of hyperlinks (LVFHA) Create Simple Animated Effect Establish Navigation Hyperlinks & Create Files for different categories Create “You are Here” Indicator for each page 5 Create & Style Content Structure and Add Text – Add div to contain h 2 for question and p for answer and style content 6 Capture, Edit & Insert Screenshots – Use Fireworks to edit screenshots – Insert Image in Dreamweaver file 7 Upload Files to Remote Site © Anselm Spoerri

Dreamweaver – Set up Local / Remote Site Local Folders – Create folder “mpcourse” (if does not exist) – Open “mpcourse” folder – Create folders “ex 1” … “ex 5” (if do not exist) Launch Dreamweaver Creating Folders in Dreamweaver (local or remote) – Site > Site View – Select Folder (into which you want to insert a folder) – File > New Folder public_html folder – Contains all files that can be viewed by Internet Browser © Anselm Spoerri

Step 1 – Set up Local / Remote Site in CS 5 / CS 6 / CC – Site > New Site – Select “Site” – Site > Site Name = “MPcourse” for this demo – Site > Local Site Folder = “MPcourse” in “My Documents” – Select “Servers" Category in New Site Dialog – Click on + (Add new server) – Specify Server Name – Select “SFTP" in pull-down “Connect using” menu – SFTP Host =“eden. rutgers. edu” – Login = “yourusername” – Password = “yourpassword” – Root Directory = “public_html” Test and if successful Save – Connect to Server – Select "Connect to Remote" icon – Transfer files to server – Manually – File : drop onto file OR drop into folder that contains file you want to up/download – Folders: drop into folder that contains folder you want to up/download © Anselm Spoerri

Step 2 – Select Predefined Layout Will use 1 column flexible layout (Download: Week 3 > Files > Step-by-Step files) If you want to create new page in DW and use predefined layout 1. File > New 2. Blank Page = HTML 3. Page Layout = none | 2 columns fixed | 3 columns fixed 4. Doc. Type = HTML 5 5. Layout CSS = Add to Head (will later export CSS into linked external css file) 6. Click Create © Anselm Spoerri

Step 3 – Initialize DW and Create External CSS file Initialize Dreamweaver – View > select “Split” with “Live” option selected – Windows > select “Insert”, “Properties” and “CSS Designer” Filename = lowercase and no spaces Title Page Modify > Page Properties – Page font = sans serif type, such as Verdana, Ariel, Helvetica – Size = 100% or 10 – 14 px (usually) – Text color = black – Background color = White – Margin fields: set all to zero (if you don’t want any margins) Export CSS into Linked External CSS file • Create External Style Sheet: click + in Sources in CSS Designer panel • Name style sheet “mystyles. css” and save in same folder as web page • Select & Cut all CSS rules in head of page and Paste into mystyles. css © Anselm Spoerri

Step 4 a – Customize CSS Remove background for header and footer (using CSS Designer Panel) Change font size and padding in header Create CSS Rule for h 1 and h 2 in main Create CSS Classes for Navigation Structure. navi. UP { color: Black; text-decoration: underline; padding: 10 px; background-color: Honey. Dew; }. navi. DOWN { color: White; text-decoration: underline; padding: 10 px; background-color: Blue; } Create Simple Navigation Structure Place Cursor inside header and create <nav> element inside of header Create CSS rule for nav and specify padding-top Type “Summary | Audience | Task | Navigation | Functionality” Place each navigation category inside span tag: <span>text</span> Apply class=navi. UP to each navigation category name (i. e. span tag) (you need to do this before linking word to hyperlink !) © Anselm Spoerri

Step 4 b – Create CSS for Navigation Hyperlinks Create CSS code to control Navigation Links (LVFHA) Since a link can be in more than one state at a time, it is important to define rules in following order: . navi. UP a: link { color: Black; padding: 5 px; }. navi. UP a: visited { color: Black; }. navi. UP a: focus { color: Red; }. navi. UP a: hover { color: Red; background-color: Yellow; }. navi. UP a: active { color: Red; }. navi. DOWN a: link { color: White; padding: 5 px; }. navi. DOWN a: visited { color: White; }. navi. DOWN a: focus { color: Red; }. navi. DOWN a: hover { color: Red; background-color: Yellow; }. navi. DOWN a: active { color: Red; } Create Simple Animated Effect for. navi. UP and. navi. DOWN Open CSS Animations panel (Window > CSS Animations) Click + and specify Target Rule and Transition = hover Duration = 0. 5 and Timing Function = ease Click + to specify property to animate: padding-top = 20 px; Specify where to save to CSS rule. © Anselm Spoerri

Step 4 c – Create Navigation Structure & Other Pages Create Navigation Hyperlinks Select category text (e. g. “Summary”) In “Link” slot in Property Inspector, type file name (same as category text and all lower case) that you want to link to and make sure to add “. html” at the end of file name. Target field = leave blank (page loads in same browser window) Repeat for all the categories for the Navigation Structure Create Files for All the Categories Use File > Save As and name appropriately (same name as entered in hyperlink slot) Create “You are Here” Indicator Change class of category text from navi. UP to navi. DOWN Make sure that not word, but whole span is selected ! © Anselm Spoerri

Step 5 – Structure Page & Add Text Question & Answer Pairs – Create div with class=“Qand. A” inside main – Inside div, create h 2 headline with class=“question” and p paragraph with class=“answer” – Specify CSS rule for. Qand. A: rounded border, padding, margin – Specify CSS rule for. question: font size, bold, padding, margin – Specify CSS rule for. answer: font size, bold, padding, margin Create Text – Place Cursor inside Qand. A div and appropriate child element to enter text and Type Format Text using Property Inspector or CSS Designer panel © Anselm Spoerri

Step 6 a – Capture, Edit Screenshots Capture Screenshot – Whole Screen = Press "Prt Sc Sys Rq" in top row of keyboard – Selected Application = Press "Alt" + "Prt Sc Sys Rq" keys Launch Fireworks – Start > Programs > Macromedia > Fireworks Edit Screenshot – Open new file in in Fireworks “File > New File” (and set image area to 1000 x 1000 pixels) – “Edit > Paste" from Clipboard into Fireworks – Select “Cropping Tool” in Fireworks – Select area of interest – Double-click to make cropping final – Save “cropped area” as a separate file using “File > Export” and in dialog select “Images Only” and save in “ex 1” folder © Anselm Spoerri

Step 6 b – Insert Screenshots Insert Screenshot – Select Location in Dreamweaver file to insert screenshot – “Insert > Image” or click “Image Icon” in “Common” option in Insert window – Select image file (in “ex 1” folder) to insert – Specify alternate text (shown if image can not be displayed) Reduce Size of Image in Dreamweaver – Select image corner handle, while holding down SHIFT key, and drag to desired size – Image dimensions will be displayed in bold in Property Inspector to indicate displayed size not equal actual size © Anselm Spoerri

Step 7 – Upload Files to Remote Site Make Site Files visible – Window > Files (if window is not visible) – Click “Expand/Collapse” icon to see both Local and Remote files Connect to Remote Server – Select "Connect to remote host " icon Transfer Files to Remote Site – Manually “Drag & Drop” “ex 1” folder to Remote Server (remember to drop “ex 1” folder into “mpcourse” folder and not into “ex 1” folder on remote server) © Anselm Spoerri

CSS – Navigation Bar using Lists and CSS Navigation = Lists of Links example <ul> <li><a href="home. html">Home</a></li> <li class="here"><a href=“features. html">Features</a></li> </ul> CSS property - display: block; and Hyperlink States: float: left; and clear: both; a: link | a: visited | a: focus | a: hover | a: active © Anselm Spoerri

CSS – Navigation Bar using Lists and CSS (cont. ) Remove Bullets, Eliminate Padding and Margins #navi ul { list-style-type: none; padding: 0 px; margin: 0 px; overflow: hidden; } Display Link as Block (area of link clickable) and Constrain Width #navi a { display: block; width: 100 px; } Horizontal Navigation Use floated <li> method for uniform look #navi li { float: left; } You are Here Indicator #navi li. here a { text & background properties } and want CSS rules for different states of hyperlink © Anselm Spoerri

CSS – Navigation Bar and States of Link Element Selecting Link Element based on their State Navigation Structure Since a link can be in more than one state at a time, it is important to define rules in following order: 1. a: link 2. a: visited 3. a: focus 4. a: hover 5. a: active LVFHA a: link, a: visited { color: #FFF; } a: focus, a: hover, a: active { color: #000; } #navi a: link, #navi a: visited { color: #FFF; } #navi a: focus, #navi a: hover, #navi a: active { color: #000; } © Anselm Spoerri

HTML 5 – Intro Why HTML 5? – – – Reduce the need for external plugins (like Flash) Better error handling More markup to replace scripting HTML 5 should be device independent Based on HTML, CSS, DOM, and Java. Script What is HTML 5 ‒ HTML 5 specification – http: //dev. w 3. org/html 5/spec/ ‒ Officially Working Draft | “living standard” Browser Support for HTML 5 – HTML 5 not yet official standard, no browser provides full HTML 5 support. – But all major browsers continue to add support for new HTML 5 features. – Understanding & implementing features is what matters. © Anselm Spoerri

HTML 5 – New Capabilities http: //www. w 3 schools. com/html 5_intro. asp Video specifies standard way to embed video (no plug-in) Audio specifies standard way to embed audio (no plug-in) Drag and Drop any element can be draggable what to drag | where to drop | do the drop Canvas used to draw graphics, on the fly, on web page SVG supported Scalable Vector Graphics to draw shapes Geolocation can determine user's position with permission Web Storage better local storage within browser than cookies Web Workers Java. Script runs in background without affecting page performance Server-Sent Events page gets automatic updates from server © Anselm Spoerri

HTML 5 – DOCTYPE | charset | lang | CSS & Java. Script links ‒ HTML 5 DOCTYPE: <!DOCTYPE html> ‒ not case sensitive | version dropped ‒ all browsers recognize shortened DOCTYPE & render in strict mode and deprecated elements will not work ‒ Specify Character Set: <meta charset="UTF-8" /> ‒ Specify Language: <html lang="en"> <!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head><meta charset="utf-8" /> ‒ Script and Link Declarations: type attribute optional <link rel="stylesheet" href="styles. css" /> <script src="scripts. js"></script> © Anselm Spoerri

HTML 5 – New Elements New Media Elements <audio> <video> <source> <embed> in) <track> sound content video or movie multiple media resources for <video> and <audio> container for external application or interactive content (a plugtext tracks for <video> and <audio> New Form Elements – New form controls, like calendar, date, time, email, url, search New Semantic / Structural Elements ‒ header, nav, aside, section, article and footer ‒ Focus on your content and consider semantics of each element ‒ Use div if you need containing element strictly for style purposes ‒ Some older browsers treat new elements like inline elements header, footer, nav, article, aside, section { display: block; } © Anselm Spoerri

HTML 5 – New Semantic / Structural Elements ‒ header element ‒ Used to contain headline(s) for a page and/or section. ‒ Can contain logos and navigational aids. ‒ nav element ‒ Contains major navigation links. ‒ Often contained by header. ‒ aside element ‒ Contains related information, such as sidebar or pull-quotes. ‒ section element ‒ Contains content that is related or grouped thematically. ‒ Only if its content has own self-contained outline (h 1, … h 6). ‒ Do not use simply for styling purposes – use divs and spans instead. ‒ article element ‒ Stand-alone content such as a blog entry. ‒ footer element ‒ Contains information about a page and/or section. © Anselm Spoerri

HTML 5 – Element Flowchart http: //html 5 doctor. com/happy-1 st-birthday-us/#flowchart © Anselm Spoerri

CSS 3 – Intro http: //www. w 3 schools. com/css 3/default. asp CSS 3 backwards compatible, don’t have to change existing designs. Borders Rounded, add shadow and use image as border. Backgrounds new background properties and greater control. Text Effects new features such as text-shadow or word-wrap. Fonts can use font you like by including font file on server. 2 D Transforms move, scale, turn, spin and stretch elements. 3 D Transforms format elements using 3 D transforms. Transitions add effect when changing from one style to another, such as on mouseover or mouseout events. Animations specify CSS style inside @keyframes rule and animation will gradually change from the current style to the new style. Multiple Columns can create multiple columns for laying out text. User Interface user can resize elements and other features supported. © Anselm Spoerri