Lecture 24 Adverb and Adverb Phrase Teaching Contents

Lecture 24 Adverb and Adverb Phrase

Teaching Contents n n 24. 1 Chief uses of adverbs and adverb phrases 24. 2 Adverbs with or without –ly

n n Like adjectives, adverbs are a class of words that chiefly function as modifying elements, and modify verbs, adjectives, prepositions, conjunctions or other adverbs. In terms of word formation, adverbs fall into two groups: simple and derivative adverbs. Simple ones consist of only one free morpheme; derivatives are derived from adjectives by adding a suffix –ly and most adverbs are derivatives.

n Semantically, adverbs can be subdivided into adverbs of manner, adverbs of degree, adverbs of time, adverbs of frequency, adverbs of place, as well as conjunctive and explanatory adverbs.

n n n n 派生副词：大多数派生副词有-ly后缀：oddly。 其它一些派生后缀： -wise: clockwise; -ways: sideways; -ward(s): northward(s); -style: cowboy-style; -fashion: schoolboy-fashion 与介词短语towards the south/east/north/west相 对应的副词有south, southward(s)。不带-s的形式较 为普遍，在美国的书刊英语中尤其如此。 e. g. The window faces south (最常见) / southwards / southward. 形容词所以能加-ly变成副词，是与形容词的动态性质 有关，如cheerful – cheerfully, suspiciously, jealously. 但是，典型的各类静态形容词，如大小、颜色、年龄， 不能加-ly，如*bigly, *tally, *redly, *blondly, *oldly, *youngly.

n n n n n 24. 1 Chief uses of adverbs and adverb phrases 1) Adverbs as modifier in phrases As a phrase element, adverbs are chiefly used a) as modifier of verbs. e. g. They completely ignored my views. b) as modifier of adjectives, e. g. I’m feeling kind of tired. c) as modifier of adverbs, e. g. Do it right now.

n n n d) as modifier of prepositions or conjunctions, e. g. His parents are dead against the trip. e) as modifier of determiners, e. g. They recovered roughly half their equipment. f) as modifier of nouns or whole noun phrases, e. g. She’s rather a fool. g) Only few adverbs can be used as postmodifiers of nouns, e. g. your friend here, his trip ahead. Some can be premodifiers, e. g. his home journey.

C. 强调语(emphasizer) 增强形容词的语势，而 不是提高形容词的程度。 e. g. The play is very good indeed. n She has a really beautiful face. 强调语和强化语不同，和不可分等级的形容词连 用，但是他们产生的效果与强化语的效果类似。 e. g. You’re certainly welcome. n The play was indeed excellent / n excellent indeed.

n n n 2)作副词修饰语：副词的后置修饰语只有 enough和indeed。 e. g. He spoke clearly enough. (sufficiently clearly) indeed常和very连用： e. g. She spoke very clearly indeed. ? She spoke clearly indeed.

n n n 2) Adverb phrases as adverbial in clauses or sentences As a clause element, adverb phrases are chiefly used a adjunct, disjuncts, and conjuncts. When used as an adjunct, the adverb phrase describes the time, place or manner concerned with the action, process or state denoted by the verb. In this use, the adverb phrase is relatively mobile, being able to take the initial, medial or end position.

Generally speaking, time adjuncts may occur at all the three positions. e. g. Recently they had an accident. They recently had an accident. They had an accident recently. By contrast, manner adjuncts appear more often at the end position. e. g. They live frugally.

Sometimes for rhetorical reasons, a manner adjunct may occur at the head of the sentence. e. g. Quietly she walked on and on. Place adjuncts normally appear at the end of the sentence. n e. g. I couldn’t find it through I had looked everywhere.

n n n n 24. 2 Adverbs with or without –ly 1) Two forms with no difference in basic meaning There adverbs with two forms which are identical in meaning but are used in different contexts. e. g. Drive slowly onto the ferry. The workers decided to go slow. He guessed right. It serves you right. Don’t talk so loud/loudly.

n n n 2) Two forms different or slightly different in meaning These adverbs also include some of the items cited in the preceding sections. e. g. He walked slowly but surely. He stopped dead. He was dead tired.

n n n 3) Two forms entirely different in meaning The following pairs are entirely different in meaning: e. g. He is working hard. He could hardly see anything. He was justly punished. I wonder just how good he is at spoken English.