Lecture 2 Byzantine and Romanesque Architecture 600 to

Lecture 2 Byzantine and Romanesque Architecture (600 to 900 AD) Gothic Architecture (1000 to 1400 AD) Sejarah Senibina Barat : BAEA 2115 Naziaty Mohd Yaacob

Around AD 0 to AD 1143

Byzantine Architecture

The Pantheon, Rome

Basilica

Construction of Walls and Arches

Construction of vaults and domes

The Pantheon, Rome

Pendentives How to fit a dome over a square and not have walls n B) Use a series of small arches (squinches) until an octagonal base is formed. n C) Curved triangular segments (pendentives) inserted between the four arches that form the square n

HAGIA SOPHIA 532 - 7 A. D.

n HAGIA SOPHIA n Excellent example of creating a unified series of spaces based on a centralised dome, surrounded by semi-domes.

PLAN OF HAGIA SOPHIA

n Hagia Sophia n About 100 ft in diameter where the central domed space dominated the architecture n Use of ‘Pendentives’ Mosaic Marble Solid /void Light/dark Mysterious -Screen of Columns n n n

The Byzantine Dome

SS. Sergius and Bacchus: Constantinople

S. Vitale : Ravenna

Other Byzantine Churches

The Evolution of the Early Christian Churches

Basilica : S. Peter’s Rome

n Early Christian churches adopted the Roman Basilica form which is suitable to the needs of the church rites and rituals. n The Basilica form is the prototype of the earliest and simplest Christian churches.

Basilican church type

Forms of Early Churches

n Basilica shaped Church of S Sabina with circumbulatory spaces for the processions of pilgrimage along the aisles and the altar at the apse end.

Roman vault inspired medieval architecture

Romanesque Architecture The typical Romanesque church had; n thick walls n columns built close together n heavy curved arches. A tower rose from the roof over the point where the transept crossed the nave. Four large supports called piers held up the tower. An arcade separated the nave from the side aisles. A gallery was built above the arcade. The clerestory, made up of a row of windows set in arches, topped the gallery

Durham cathedral n Not yet gothic Durham n. Cathedral Norman period started in the n 11 th Rounded arches century n Later introduction of Gothic elements

n 12 th century church St Clemente, Rome, built over the remains of a 4 th century basilica

n Apart from the nave and the aisles, it has an atrium or forecourt with ablutionary fountain and a large narthex or porch where the penitents and the unbaptized could hear the services

n Romanesque n. S Michele

Monastery of St Gallen n 9 th century n

Durham cathedral n Not yet gothic Durham n. Cathedral Norman period started in the n 11 th Rounded arches century n Later introduction of Gothic elements

Gothic Architecture n n n Key features of Gothic architecture were: The pointed arch The flying buttress The vaulting rib The moulding Gothic builders used these key features to perfect the system and built higher and higher

Every part depend upon every part

What is Gothic Architecture? Firstly, it was a system whereby a fireproof of stone had its outward thrust resisted by external buttresses. n Secondly, It was a carved architecture because every stone is carved for its position with mouldings. Every element – rib, mullion, shaft, arch, jamb, thus incorporating: function, structure and decoration. n

n English Gothic Architecture n Westminster Abbey n Different stages of development best shown here, typical of many. Gothic churches. n Pointed arches n Ribbed vaults n Flying buttresses

Pointed Arch n n A) The round arch requires a square vaulting bay B) If rectangular bay, round arch on shorter side must be raised (a) C) All arches can be on same level and get the rectangular bay. Just some more pointed than others D) Additional ribs can be added.

Evolution of Gothic Vaulting

n n n Peterborough Cathedral Norman period Rounded arches

Types of Arches

Piers, capitals and bases n The size of the Gothic structure such as piers, capitals and bases are reduced more and more throughout the different periods: norman, early english, decorated and finally, perpendicular.

Different periods

Gothic Cathedrals

Early churches were built, in most cases, on the oblong basilica plan or the round or many-sided centralized plan. Old St. Peter's, left, which stood on the site of the present St. Peter's in Rome, was the best-known early Christian basilica. It was begun about 330. San Vitale, right, is a centralized church in the Byzantine style. It was built in Ravenna, Italy, in the mid-500's.