Lecture 19 5 Class Reptilia Adaptations for life

Lecture 19: 5 - Class: Reptilia Adaptations for life on land. Amniotic egg. ﺑﻴﺾ ﺟﻨﻴﻨﻲ Water-conserving kidney. Three-chambered heart Crocodilians ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺳﻴﺢ have 4 Claws for digging and locomotion. Improved Respiratory System. Loss of Lateral Line System of fish and amphibians. 17 orders of reptiles, but only members of 4 remain alive today.

1 - Order: Testudines ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺣﻒ 300 species of turtles ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺣﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ and tortoises ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺣﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﺔ Bony shell. Limbs articulate internally to the ribs ﺿﻠﻮﻉ Keratinized beak ﻣﻨﻘﺎﺭ instead of teeth. Fusion of vertebrae, ribs and skin bones form plates – carapace (top of the shell).

2 - Order: Crocodilia ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺳﻴﺢ 21 living species; crocodiles, alligators ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺴﺎﺡ ﺍﻻﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ , caiman ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻮﺍﺋﻲ , and gavials ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺴﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﻯ. Anatomically closer to birds and dinosaurs than other reptiles (have 4 chambered heart, triangular eye orbits, other skull characteristics). Saltwater Croc. American Alligator Brown Caiman Gavial or Gharial

3 - Order: Squamata ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺷﻔﻴﺎﺕ A- Suborder: Sauria: Lizards ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺎﻟﻲ • Usually have two pairs of legs • Most are oviparous, some are ovoviviparous or viviparous • Herbivorous, omnivorous, and carnivorous. B- Suborder: Serpentes: Snakes ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺕ • Most are harmless, but about 300 species are venomous. • Elongate and lack limbs, have more than 200 vertebrae and pairs of ribs – for locomotion. • All are carnivorous. Chameleon ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺑﺎﺀ Coral Snake

6 - Class: Aves Adaptations for flight. Appendages modified as wings. Have feathers and lack teeth. Endothermic ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ High Metabolic Rate. A Vertebral Column modified for flight. Bones lightened by numerous air spaces.

1 - Order: Sphenisciformes – Penguins ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺮﻳﻖ Heavy bodied with fat, flightless, flipper ﺯﻋﻨﻔﺔ like wings for swimming. 2 - Order: Strigiformes – Owls ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻡ Large head with eyes fixed forward. Penguins 3 - Order: Anseriforms – Ducks, Geese ﺍﻟﻮﺯ and Swans ﺍﻟﺒﺠﻊ owl 4 - Order: Columbiformes –Pigeons and Doves ﺍﻟﻴﻤﺎﻡ Dense Feathers loosely set in skin. Duck

7 - Class: Mammals Major Concept: 1 - The skin of mammals is thick for protection and has an insulation covering of hair.

2 - Adaptations of teeth and digestive tract allows mammals to exploit a wide variety of food resources. Beaver Teeth Siberian Brown Bear - Teeth Whale teeth

3 - Efficient systems for circulation and gas exchange support the high metabolic rate associated with mammalian endothermy.

4 - The brain of mammals has an 5 - Metanephric kidneys permit expanded cerebral cortex that mammals to excrete urea processes information from without excessive water loss. various sensory structures.

6 - Complex behavior patterns enhance mammalian survival. 7 - Most mammals viviparous and have reproductive cycles that help ensure are internal fertilization and successful development.