Lecture 15 The Moon and Mercury Airless Worlds

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Lecture 15 The Moon and Mercury: Airless Worlds

Lecture 15 The Moon and Mercury: Airless Worlds

Announcements • Homework 8 due now • Homework 9 – Due Monday, April 2

Announcements • Homework 8 due now • Homework 9 – Due Monday, April 2 • Unit 37: RQ 1, TY 1, 3 • Unit 38: RQ 4, TY 1, 3 • Unit 43: P 3, TY 2, 3 • Unit 44: RQ 3, TY 2, 3 • Exam 3 is on Wednesday, April 4 • Details next Monday • No Lab that day • Easter Holiday (no class) Monday, April 9

The Moon: The View from Earth From Earth, we always see the same side

The Moon: The View from Earth From Earth, we always see the same side of the moon. Moon rotates around its axis in the same time that it takes to orbit around Earth: Tidal coupling: Earth’s gravitation has produced tidal bulges on the moon; Tidal forces have slowed rotation down to same period as orbital period

Lunar Surface Features Two dramatically different kinds of terrain: • Highlands: Mountainous terrain, scarred

Lunar Surface Features Two dramatically different kinds of terrain: • Highlands: Mountainous terrain, scarred by craters • Lowlands: ~ 3 km lower than highlands; smooth surfaces: Maria (pl. of mare): Basins flooded by lava flows

Highlands and Lowlands Sinuous rilles = remains of ancient lava flows May have been

Highlands and Lowlands Sinuous rilles = remains of ancient lava flows May have been lava tubes which later collapsed due to meteorite bombardment. Apollo 15 landing site

The Highlands Saturated with craters Older craters partially obliterated by more recent impacts …

The Highlands Saturated with craters Older craters partially obliterated by more recent impacts … or flooded by lava flows

Impact Cratering Impact craters on the moon can be seen easily even with small

Impact Cratering Impact craters on the moon can be seen easily even with small telescopes. Ejecta from the impact can be seen as bright rays originating from young craters

Daily Quiz 15 1. Why does the same side of the Moon always face

Daily Quiz 15 1. Why does the same side of the Moon always face Earth? a. The Moon does not rotate. b. The Moon rotates in the same direction that it revolves. c. The Moon's period of rotation is equal to its orbital period. d. Sometimes the backside of the Moon is lit by the Sun. e. Both b and c above.

Daily Quiz 15 2. How do we know that Copernicus is a young impact

Daily Quiz 15 2. How do we know that Copernicus is a young impact crater? a. It is on the side of the Moon that faces Earth. b. It has a central peak and raised rim. c. It has scalloped slopes along its inner crater walls. d. Blocks of material in its ejecta formed secondary craters. e. It has bright rays that extend onto the surrounding maria.

History of Impact Cratering Rate of impacts due to interplanetary bombardment decreased rapidly after

History of Impact Cratering Rate of impacts due to interplanetary bombardment decreased rapidly after the formation of the solar system. Most craters seen on the moon’s (and Mercury’s) surface were formed within the first ~ 1/2 billion years.

Missions to the Moon Major challenges: Need to carry enough fuel for: • in-flight

Missions to the Moon Major challenges: Need to carry enough fuel for: • in-flight corrections, • descent to surface, • re-launch from the surface, • return trip to Earth; need to carry enough food and other life support for ~ 1 week for all astronauts on board. Solution: • only land a small, light lunar module; • leave everything behind that is no longer needed. Lunar module (LM) of Apollo 12 on descent to the surface of the moon

The Apollo Missions

The Apollo Missions

Apollo Landing Sites First Apollo missions landed on safe, smooth terrain. Later missions explored

Apollo Landing Sites First Apollo missions landed on safe, smooth terrain. Later missions explored more varied terrains. Apollo 17: Taurus-Littrow; lunar highlands Apollo 11: Mare Tranquilitatis; lunar lowlands

Apollo Landing Sites Selected to sample as wide a variety as possible of different

Apollo Landing Sites Selected to sample as wide a variety as possible of different lowland highland terrains. Lowlands (maria) Highlands

Moon Rocks All moon rocks brought back to Earth are igneous (= solidified lava)

Moon Rocks All moon rocks brought back to Earth are igneous (= solidified lava) No sedimentary rocks => No sign of water ever present on the moon. Different types of moon rocks: Vesicular Breccias (= fragments of (= containing holes different types of rock from gas bubbles in cemented together), also the lava) basalts, containing anorthosites (= typical of dark rocks bright, low-density rocks found in maria typical of highlands) Older rocks become pitted with small micrometeorite craters

The History of the Moon is small; low mass rapidly cooling off; small escape

The History of the Moon is small; low mass rapidly cooling off; small escape velocity no atmosphere unprotected against meteorite impacts. Moon must have formed in a molten state (“sea of lava”); Heavy rocks sink to bottom; lighter rocks at the surface No magnetic field small core with little metallic iron. Surface solidified ~ 4. 6 – 4. 1 billion years ago. Heavy meteorite bombardment for the next ~ 1/2 billion years. Alan Shepard (Apollo 14) analyzing a moon rock, probably ejected from a distant crater.

Formation of Maria Impacts of heavy meteorites broke the crust and produced large basins

Formation of Maria Impacts of heavy meteorites broke the crust and produced large basins that were flooded with lava

Formation of Maria Major impacts forming maria might have ejected material over large distances.

Formation of Maria Major impacts forming maria might have ejected material over large distances. Apollo 14 Large rock probably ejected during the formation of Mare Imbrium (beyond the horizon!)

Origin of Mare Imbrium Terrain opposite to Mare Imbrium is jumbled by seismic waves

Origin of Mare Imbrium Terrain opposite to Mare Imbrium is jumbled by seismic waves from the impact.

The Origin of Earth’s Moon Early (unsuccessful) hypotheses: Fission hypothesis: Break-up of Earth during

The Origin of Earth’s Moon Early (unsuccessful) hypotheses: Fission hypothesis: Break-up of Earth during early period of fast rotation Problems: No evidence for fast rotation; moon’s orbit not in equatorial plane capture hypothesis: Condensation hypothesis: Capture of moon that formed elsewhere in the solar system Problem: Requires succession of very unlikely events Condensation at time of formation of Earth Problem: Different chemical compositions of Earth and moon

Modern Theory of Formation of the Moon The Large-Impact Hypothesis • Impact heated material

Modern Theory of Formation of the Moon The Large-Impact Hypothesis • Impact heated material enough to melt it consistent with “sea of magma” • Collision not head-on Large angular momentum of Earth-moon system • Collision after differentiation of Earth’s interior Different chemical compositions of Earth and moon

The Lunar Interior • Seismographs left on the Moon's surface by the Apollo astronauts

The Lunar Interior • Seismographs left on the Moon's surface by the Apollo astronauts gave a rough model of the Moon's interior structure. • Seismic activity is much less frequent and violent on the Moon than Earth.

The Lunar Interior • The Moon's crust appears to be thick and rigid, and

The Lunar Interior • The Moon's crust appears to be thick and rigid, and the mantle is warm and plastic. • The Moon does not appear to be well differentiated. • Its bulk composition is similar to the Earth's mantle. • It may have a small iron core.

Daily Quiz 15 3. Why did the first Apollo missions land on the maria?

Daily Quiz 15 3. Why did the first Apollo missions land on the maria? a. The most interesting geology is at these locations. b. To maintain a continuous communication link with the command module. c. To search for fossils that are more likely to exist where water was once present. d. It was thought to be safer due to the smoother terrain and thinner regolith. e. The lunar air is thicker at low elevation.

Daily Quiz 15 4. How does the large impact hypothesis explain the Moon's lack

Daily Quiz 15 4. How does the large impact hypothesis explain the Moon's lack of iron? a. The impact occurred before either planetesimal had differentiated and formed an iron core. b. The ejected orbiting material that formed the Moon was initially at a high temperature. c. Both planetesimals were differentiated, and the two iron cores went to Earth. d. The impacting planetesimal was not differentiated and thus had no iron core. e. The Moon's lack of iron is the major problem of the large impact hypothesis.

Mercury Very similar to Earth’s moon in several ways: • Small; no atmosphere •

Mercury Very similar to Earth’s moon in several ways: • Small; no atmosphere • lowlands flooded by ancient lava flows • heavily cratered surfaces Most of our knowledge based on measurements by Mariner 10 spacecraft (1974 - 1975) View from Earth

Rotation and Revolution Like Earth’s moon (tidally locked to revolution around Earth), Mercury’s rotation

Rotation and Revolution Like Earth’s moon (tidally locked to revolution around Earth), Mercury’s rotation has been altered by the sun’s tidal forces, but not completely tidally locked: Revolution period = 3/2 times rotation period Revolution: ≈ 88 days Rotation: ≈ 59 days Extreme day-night temperature contrast: 100 K (-173 o. C) – 600 K (330 o. C)

Rotation and Revolution

Rotation and Revolution

The Surface of Mercury Very similar to Earth’s moon: Heavily battered with craters, including

The Surface of Mercury Very similar to Earth’s moon: Heavily battered with craters, including some large basins. Largest basin: Caloris Basin Terrain on the opposite side jumbled by seismic waves from the impact.

Lobate Scarps Curved cliffs, probably formed when Mercury shrank while cooling down

Lobate Scarps Curved cliffs, probably formed when Mercury shrank while cooling down

The Plains of Mercury No large maria, but intercrater plains: Marked by smaller craters

The Plains of Mercury No large maria, but intercrater plains: Marked by smaller craters (< 15 km) and secondary impacts Smooth plains: Even younger than intercrater plains

The Interior of Mercury Large, metallic core. Over 60% denser than Earth’s moon Magnetic

The Interior of Mercury Large, metallic core. Over 60% denser than Earth’s moon Magnetic field only ~ 0. 5 % of Earth’s magnetic field. Difficult to explain at present: Liquid metallic core should produce larger magnetic field. Solid core should produce weaker field.

History of Mercury Dominated by ancient lava flows and heavy meteorite bombardment. Radar image

History of Mercury Dominated by ancient lava flows and heavy meteorite bombardment. Radar image suggests icy polar cap.

For Next Time Read Units 43 and 44 (Giant Planets)

For Next Time Read Units 43 and 44 (Giant Planets)