Lecture 13 Animal Classification SystematicTaxonomy Systematic includes taxonomy

Lecture 13: Animal Classification ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻥ Systematic/Taxonomy ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ � Systematic includes taxonomy, which is the naming ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺔ and classification ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ of species and groups of species. � Taxonomy: is that branch of biology dealing with the identification ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ and naming ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺔ of organisms. � Aristotle ( ﺃﺮﺳﻄﻮ ancient Greek philosopher) began the science of taxonomy. � Carolus Linneus ( ﻛﺎﺭﻟﻮﺱ ﻟﻴﻨﻴﺎﺱ 1700 s) (Swedish botanist) classified all thenknown organisms into two large kingdoms: a) Kingdom Plantae ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ b) Kingdom Animalia ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ. � Robert Whittaker in 1969 proposed five kingdoms: Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, Protista, and Monera. � Recent studies suggest that three domains be employed: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya

Animal Taxonomy �Linneus classified species ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ as the smallest unit, and that each species nested within ﻳﻨﺪﺭﺝ ﺗﺤﺖ a higher category �Species is a Latin word meaning “kind” or “appearance ”ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﻱ. �Differentiation between species based on: a)- Morphological differences ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﺷﻜﻠﻴﺔ b)- The potential to interbreed ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻭﺝ with each other in nature to produce fertile offspring ﺟﻴﻞ ﺧﺼﻴﺐ

Traditional Classification ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻱ �Traditional Classification ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻱ : depends on both common ancestry ﺍﻟ ﺳﺐ and the amount of differences among groups. �The traditional , dating to Linneaus view, is that birds have feathers ﺭﻳﺶ , reptiles have scales ﺣﺮﺍﺷﻴﻒ , and mammals have hair ﺷﻌﺮ. �Linneus placed each of these groups in a separate class within the Phylum Chordata ﺷﻌﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺒﻠﻴﺎﺕ.

Binomial nomenclature ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ( )ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﺤﻴﻮﺍﻥ � Linneus developed the concept of binomial nomenclature, whereby scientists could communicate clearly. � Under the binomial system, each species is assigned a two-part latinized name ﺍﺳﻢ ﻻﺗﻴﻨﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺴﻤﻴﻦ , (a binomial): 1. 2. 3. 4. The first part, the genus ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺲ , is the group to which a species belongs. The second part, refers to the species ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ within the genus. The first letter of the genus is capitalized and both names are italicized and latinized. For example, Linnaeus assigned to humans the scientific name Homo sapiens, which means “wise man”.

Three Kingdoms of life 3 Eukaryota There are three Kingdoms of life" 1)- Bacteria (Eubacteria), 2)- Archaea, Archaea 3)- Eukaryota (Fungi, Protesta, Plantae & Animalia) 1 Viruses are not considered living organisms. 2

1 - Prokaryotes (bacteria & archaea) � Current taxonomy recognizes two prokaryotic domains (Kingdoms): domain Bacteria and domain Archaea. � Bacteria and archaea exist so early in life and are very different. � At the same time, they both are structurally organized at the prokaryotic level.

1 - Prokaryotes (bacteria & archaea) � Prokarytes exist in habitats ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺎﺕ that are too cold, too hot, too salty, too acidic, or too alkaline for any eukaryote. • Prokaryotes often interact with other species of prokaryotes or eukaryotes with complementary metabolisms ﻟﻠﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻷﻴﻀﻲ. • These relationships called (symbiosis )ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﻌﺔ in three types: 1. Commensalism ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻳﺸﺔ : one partner receives benefits ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﻌﺔ while the other is not harmed or helped by the relationship. 2. Parasitism ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻔﻞ : one partner, the parasite, benefits at the expense of the host. 3. Mutualism ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻔﻌﺔ : both partners benefit from each other.

A)- Archaea � Archaea are extremophiles, “ ”ﻣﺤﺐ ﻟﻠﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺳﻴﺔ of extreme environments and can be classified into: a)- Extreme halophiles ﻣﺤﺐ ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻮﺣﺔ : � live in such saline places as the Great Salt Lake and the Dead Sea. � Some species require an extremely salty ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻮﺣﺔ environment to grow. b)- Extreme thermophiles ﻣﺤﺐ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ live in hot environments. � The optimum temperatures for most thermophiles are 60 - 80°C.

B)- bacteria � Bacteria is considered as the most known prokarotes. � The major bacterial taxa (species) are now accorded kingdom status by most prokaryotic systematists ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ. � Different types of diseases are caused by bacteria including cholera, many sexually transmissible diseases ﺍﻷﻤﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻳﺔ , and certain types of food poisoning ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻢ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻲ. � However, more bacteria are beneficial ﻣﻔﻴﺪﺓ. � Bacteria in our intestines ﺃﻤﻌﺎﺋﻨﺎ produce important vitamins. � Bacteria recycle CO 2 and other chemical elements between organic matter and the soil and atmosphere. � Bacteria often live in close association among themselves and with eukaryotes in symbiotic relationships ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﻣﻨﻔﻌﺔ.

Harmful prokaryotes (Pathogenes )ﺍﻟﺭﺿﺎﺕ �Some pathogens produce disease by invading the tissues of the host. �More commonly, pathogens cause illness by producing poisons, called exotoxins ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ and endotoxins ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ. �Pathogenic prokaryotes cause about half of all human disease. �The actinomycete that causes tuberculosis is an example of this source of symptoms.

Beneficial prokaryotes ( )ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻌﺔ �Humans have learned to exploit the diverse metabolic capabilities of prokaryotes, for scientific research and for practical purposes. �Prokaryotes are used to solve environmental problems. �Humans also use bacteria as metabolic “factories” for commercial products ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ. �The application of organisms to remove pollutants from air, water, and soil is bioremediation ﻳﺎﺕ ﺃﺤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ