Lecture 10 Toolkits Intrinsics Callbacks Resources Widget hierarchies

Lecture 10: Toolkits: Intrinsics, Callbacks, Resources, Widget hierarchies, Geometry management Brad Myers 05 -830 Advanced User Interface Software 1

Widgets as objects n n n Menus, buttons, scrollbars Refresh themselves and handle input, redraw if change In Motif and Tk each widget is at least one window n n n Also Motif has "gadgets" which aren't windows In Amulet, widgets are not windows Decorative lines, labels and boxes also are "widgets“ 2

Intrinsics n n How the widgets are implemented Motif -- "fake" object system out of C (same in Andrew) Tk -- Tcl language Amulet -- Prototype-instance object system, constraints, Opal graphics model, Interactors input model, command objects 3

Resources n Every parameter of widgets in Motif n n n n Passed as a parameter to the create routine, set afterwards, or read from a configuration file Called "options" by Tk Amulet doesn't support having them in a file Each resource has a default value defined by the class In an X file = appl. widget 1. resource: value appl. widget 1. widget 2. resource: value *. resource: value "sensitive" to grey-out "resizable" for windows 4

Callbacks n In Motif, associate C procedures with widgets n Many different callbacks for the same widget n n n n Registered (set) at widget creation time, invoked at run time Are "resources" There also "actions" which are internal to the widget and called by events. Not usually set by programmers Parameters: widget, client data, value In tk, associate tcl script with "events" in widgets n n create, start, abort, finish, destroy, . . . or the widget action if it has one In Amulet, invoke Command Objects on "interactors" or widget finish, and call-back is the DO method. 5

Widget Hierarchies n Motif-Primitive adds 3 -D shadow n (picture) n Label adds string or pixmap display n n Composite is for geometry management n Constraint = how size and position of children managed n n Push-button adds accepting input Manager = 3 D shadows Shell = windows Inheritance down the parent or class hierarchy Current Java object hierarchy contains about 4682 interfacs and classes (1. 4. 1 had 3300: 2300 classes and 1000 interfaces) n n See the list for 1. 4. 2 How many are for Swing and AWT? 6

Geometry Management n Widgets don't set their own location. n n n Widgets put into special group objects called "geometry managers" that perform the layout by setting the component's positions and size Used in Motif and tk Each widget negotiates with parent for more room when resize 7

Motif Geometry Management n Motif n n Row. Column - add widgets and it lays them out Treats all children the same, so not for Scroll. Bars (picture) Form - generic constrained layout n n n Put extra resources on the children widgets "For details, see the Motif Reference Manual, because the complete behavior of Form is quite complicated. " Each edge can be constrained n n n at a position or offset from an edge of the Form at an offset from an edge of another widget percent of the way across the Form (edge, not center) a percent calculated based on the initial position If wrong, widgets are on top of each other 8

Motif Geometry Management n Two phases: bottom up requesting size, then top down setting size. n n n All done before windows are allocated Unnecessary complexity: "Xm. Create. Menu. Bar actually creates a Row. Column widget, but with some special resource settings. . The Motif widget creation routines often have names that are different from the widgets they create. " (picture of code) 9

TK Geometry Management n n n All widgets must be in a geometry manager, or else not displayed Any widget with any geometry manager Layout depends on n n widget specified sizes programmer specifications, size of geometry manager itself Widgets must adjust themselves to the size given Geometry manager requests size recursively 10

TK Geometry, Cont. n Placer - specific location for each widget n n n Packer - "constraint based" n n n Each widget treated independently Place "anchor" in absolute coords or as a % of way across then say which part of object is at the anchor n, ne, e, se, . . . center specify position of each widget in available space side left, right, top, bottom fill x, -fill y stretch widget to fill available space Text Canvas - mix graphics and widgets 11

Amulet geometry management n Group can have the Am_LAYOUT slot set with a constraint that depends on other slots n n n Sets positions of parts by side effect Default layout routines: Horizontal and Vertical layout, for lists or tables. Rest done by arbitrary constraints 12

Standard Motif Application 1. Include Motif and widget header files 2. Initialize the toolkit: Xt. App. Initialize n reads resources, creates server connection, returns top -level screen pointer 3. Create the widgets and put them in composites ("parent") n "manage" the widgets (except when pop-ups) 4. Register call-backs with the widgets 5. "Realize" the top level widget n Causes geometry management to be invoked 6. Start the main loop: Xt. App. Main. Loop 13

Simple Hello World Program in Amulet #include <amulet. h> main (void) { Am_Initialize (); Am_Screen . Add_Part (Am_Window. Create ("window") . Set (Am_WIDTH, 200) . Set (Am_HEIGHT, 50) . Add_Part (Am_Text. Create ("string") . Set (Am_TEXT, "Hello World!"))); Am_Main_Event_Loop (); Am_Cleanup (); } 14

Goodbye-world Amulet program with button #include <amulet. h> main (void) { Am_Initialize (); Am_Screen . Add_Part (Am_Window. Create ("window") . Set (Am_WIDTH, 200) . Set (Am_HEIGHT, 50) . Set (Am_FILL_STYLE, Am_Amulet_Purple) . Add_Part (Am_Button. Create ("button") . Set_Part(Am_COMMAND, Am_Quit_No_Ask_Command. Create() . Set (Am_LABEL, "Goodbye, world!")))); Am_Main_Event_Loop (); Am_Cleanup (); } 15

Goodbye-world Amulet program without button #include <amulet. h> Am_Define_Method (Am_Object_Method, void, quit_method, (Am_Object)) { cerr << "It was nice knowing you. n" << flush; Am_Exit_Main_Event_Loop(); } main (void) { Am_Object inter; Am_Initialize (); Am_Screen . Add_Part(Am_Window. Create ("window") . Set (Am_WIDTH, 200) . Set (Am_HEIGHT, 50) . Add_Part(Am_Text. Create ("string"). Set (Am_TEXT, "Goodbye World!"). Add_Part(inter = Am_One_Shot_Interactor. Create()) ) ); inter. Get_Part(Am_COMMAND) Set (Am_DO_METHOD, quit_method); Am_Main_Event_Loop (); Am_Cleanup (); } 16

Minimal Hello-World in Java as Applet using AWT import java. applet. Applet; import java. awt. Label; public class AWTHello. World extends Applet { public void init () { super. init (); add ( new Label ( "Hello World!" ) ); } } 17

Java and Swing Applets n Hello World: n n n AWT Hello. World Applet (source code) Swing Hello. World Applet (source code) Goodbye World: n n AWT Goodbye. World Applet (source code) Swing Goodbye. World Applet (source code) 18