Lecture 10 Applications of Confocal Microscopy BMS 524

Lecture 10 Applications of Confocal Microscopy BMS 524 - “Introduction to Confocal Microscopy and Image Analysis” 1 Credit course offered by Purdue University Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine J. Paul Robinson, Ph. D. Professor of Immunopharmacology & Biomedical Engineering Director, Purdue University Cytometry Laboratories These slides are intended for use in a lecture series. Copies of the graphics are distributed and students encouraged to take their notes on these graphics. The intent is to have the student NOT try to reproduce the figures, but to LISTEN and UNDERSTAND the material. All material copyright J. Paul Robinson unless otherwise stated, however, the material may be freely used for lectures, tutorials and workshops. It may not be used for any commercial purpose. UPDATED March 2007 © 1993 -2007 J. Paul Robinson, Purdue University Cytometry Laboratories Slide 1 of t: /classes/BMS 524/lectures 2000/524 lec 12. ppt

G 0 -G 1 G 2 -M S Apoptotic cells # Events # of Events Analysis of Apoptotic Cells Fluorescence Intensity © 1993 -2007 J. Paul Robinson, Purdue University Cytometry Laboratories Normal G 0/G 1 cells PI - Fluorescence Slide 2 of t: /classes/BMS 524/lectures 2000/524 lec 12. ppt

GN-4 Cell Line Canine Prostate Cancer Conjugated Linoleic Acid 200 µM 24 hours 10 µM Hoechst 33342 / PI © 1993 -2007 J. Paul Robinson, Purdue University Cytometry Laboratories Slide 3 of t: /classes/BMS 524/lectures 2000/524 lec 12. ppt

Differential Interference Contrast (DIC) (Nomarski) Visible light detector Polarizer 1 st Wollaston Prism DIC Condenser Specimen Objective 2 nd Wollaston Prism Light path © 1993 -2007 J. Paul Robinson, Purdue University Cytometry Laboratories Analyser Slide 4 of t: /classes/BMS 524/lectures 2000/524 lec 12. ppt

Flow-karyotyping of DNA integral fluorescence (FPA) of DAPI-stained pea chromosomes. Inside pictures show sorted chromosomes from regions R 1 (I+II) and R 2 (VI+III and I), DAPI-stained; from regions R 3 (III+IV) and R 4 (V+VII) after PRINS labeling for r. DNA (chromosomes IV and VII with secondary constriction are labeled) A-B): metaphases of Feulgen-stained pea (Pisum sativum L. ) root tip chromosomes (green ex), Standard and reconstructed karyotype L-84, respectively. C) and D): flow-karyotyping histograms of DAPI-stained chromosome suspensions for the Standard and L-84, respectively. Capital letters indicates chromosome specific peaks, as assigned after sorting © 1993 -2007 J. Paul Robinson, Purdue University Cytometry Laboratories Slide 5 of t: /classes/BMS 524/lectures 2000/524 lec 12. ppt

Scatter Flow Cytometry of Bacteria: Yo. Yo-1 stained mixture of 70% ethanol fixed E. coli cells and B. subtilis (BG) spores. mixture Simultaneous In Situ Visualization of Seven Distinct Bacterial Genotypes Scatter BG BG E. coli Fluorescence © 1993 -2007 J. Paul Robinson, Purdue University Cytometry Laboratories Confocal laser scanning image of an activated sludge sample after in situ hybridization with 3 labeled probes. Seven distinct, viable populations can be visualized without cultivation. Amann et al. 1996. J. of Bacteriology 178: 3496 -3500. Slide 6 of t: /classes/BMS 524/lectures 2000/524 lec 12. ppt

Confocal Microscope Facility at the School of Biological Sciences which is located within the University of Manchester. These image shows twenty optical sections projected onto one plane after collection. The images are of the human retina stained with Von Willebrands factor (A) and Collagen IV (B). Capturing was carried out using a x 16 lens under oil immersion. This study was part of an investigation into the diabetic retina funded by The Guide Dogs for the Blind. © 1993 -2007 J. Paul Robinson, Purdue University Cytometry Laboratories Slide 7 of t: /classes/BMS 524/lectures 2000/524 lec 12. ppt

Examples from Bio-Rad web site Paramecium labeled with an anti-tubulin-antibody showing thousands of cilia and internal microtubular structures. Image Courtesy of Ann Fleury, Michel Laurent & Andre Adoutte, Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire, Université, Paris-Sud, Cedex France. © 1993 -2007 J. Paul Robinson, Purdue University Cytometry Laboratories Whole mount of Zebra Fish larva stained with Acridine Orange, Evans Blue and Eosin. Image Courtesy of Dr. W. B. Amos, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, MRC Cambridge U. K. Slide 8 of t: /classes/BMS 524/lectures 2000/524 lec 12. ppt

Examples from Bio-Rad Web site Projection of 25 optical sections of a triple-labeled rat lslet of Langerhans, acquired with a krypton/argon laser. Image courtesy of T. Clark Brelje, Martin W. Wessendorf and Robert L. Sorenseon, Dept. of Cell Biology and Neuroanatomy, University of Minnesota Medical School. © 1993 -2007 J. Paul Robinson, Purdue University Cytometry Laboratories This image shows a maximum brightness projection of Golgi stained neurons. Slide 9 of t: /classes/BMS 524/lectures 2000/524 lec 12. ppt

Confocal Microscope Facility at the School of Biological Sciences which located within the University of Manchester. hair folicle sebacious gland The above images show a hair folicle (C) and a sebacious gland (D) located on the human scalp. The samples were stained with eosin and captured using the slow scan setting of the confocal. Eosin acts as an embossing stain and so the slow scan function is used to collect as much structural information as possible. References Foreman D, Bagley S, Moore J, Ireland G, Mcleod D, Boulton M 3 D analysis of retinal vasculature using immunofluorescent staining and confocal laser scanning microscopy, Br. J. Opthalmol. 80: 246 -52 © 1993 -2007 J. Paul Robinson, Purdue University Cytometry Laboratories Slide 10 of t: /classes/BMS 524/lectures 2000/524 lec 12. ppt

SINTEF Unimed NIS Norway http: //www. oslo. sintef. no/ecy/7210/confocal/micro_gallery. html The above image shows a x-z section through a metallic lacquer. From this image we see the metallic particles lying about 30 microns below the lacquer surface. The above image shows a x-y section in the same metallic lacquer as the image on the left. © 1993 -2007 J. Paul Robinson, Purdue University Cytometry Laboratories Slide 11 of t: /classes/BMS 524/lectures 2000/524 lec 12. ppt

hamster ovary cell http: //www. vaytek. com/ Material from Vaytek Web site The image on the left shows an axial (top) and a lateral view of a single hamster ovary cell. The image was reconstructed from optical sections of actin-stained specimen (confocal fluorescence), using Vay. Tek's Vox. Blast software. Image courtesy of Doctors Ian S. Harper, Yuping Yuan, and Shaun Jackson of Monash University, Australia. (see Journal of Biological Chemistry 274: 36241 -36251, 1999) http: //www. vaytek. com/vox. htm © 1993 -2007 J. Paul Robinson, Purdue University Cytometry Laboratories Slide 12 of t: /classes/BMS 524/lectures 2000/524 lec 12. ppt

3 D imaging using CLSM © 1993 -2007 J. Paul Robinson, Purdue University Cytometry

Backscattered light and autofluorescence signals combined: collagen gel & Hep. G 2 cells © 1993 -2007 J. Paul Robinson, Purdue University Cytometry Laboratories Slide 14 of t: /classes/BMS 524/lectures 2000/524 lec 12. ppt

Imaging spectroscopy using CLSM 1400 1000 800 600 Intensity [AU] 1200 400 200 617 609 601 593 586 579 572 565 558 552 546 540 534 528 522 517 511 506 501 496 491 0 Wavelength [nm] © 1993 -2007 J. Paul Robinson, Purdue University Cytometry Laboratories Slide 15 of t: /classes/BMS 524/lectures 2000/524 lec 12. ppt

Spectral imaging methodology © 1993 -2007 J. Paul Robinson, Purdue University Cytometry Laboratories Slide

Spectral CLSM (Zeiss, Nikon…) Multianode PMT Zeiss LSM 5 LIVE Dispersion grating A new system concept of optics and electronics © 1993 -2007 J. Paul Robinson, Purdue University Cytometry Laboratories Slide 17 of t: /classes/BMS 524/lectures 2000/524 lec 12. ppt

Spectral Unmixing - General Concept 32 Channel Detector Collect Lambda Stack FITC Courtesy: Duncan Mc. Millan, Carl Zeiss Microimaging Raw Image Sytox-green Derive Emission © 1993 -2007 J. Paul Robinson, Purdue University Cytometry Laboratories Fingerprints Unmixed Image Slide 18 of t: /classes/BMS 524/lectures 2000/524 lec 12. ppt

GFP-YFP unmixing From “Spectral imaging and its applications in live cell microscopy” by T. Zimmermann et al. , FEBS Letters, 546(1) 2003, Pages 87 -92 Purdue University Cytometry Laboratories © 1993 -2007 J. Paul Robinson, Slide 19 of t: /classes/BMS 524/lectures 2000/524 lec 12. ppt

Spectral imaging Stains: Tetramethyl Rhodamine (TRITC; labeling actin), Rhodamine Red-X (labeling desmosomes), and To-Pro 3 (labeling nuclei). Image A was acquired using a 560 -nm long-pass filter. Actin filaments, nuclei, and cell–cell junctions all appear red. Image B was acquired using a sequential scan (multitrack), using a 560– 615 band-pass emission filter for the red channel and a 650 -nm long-pass filter for the blue channel. It is now evident that the nuclear stain is far red, while the cytoplasmic labeling is red. Image C was acquired using a spectral imaging device, collecting the emission as a series of 11 -nm spectral bands across a total range of 552– 723 nm. From is believing? beginners'Purdue guide to. University practical pitfalls in image acquisition”, by Alison J. North, JCB, Volume 172, Number 1, 9 -18, 2006 ©“Seeing 1993 -2007 J. Paul ARobinson, Cytometry Laboratories Slide 20 of t: /classes/BMS 524/lectures 2000/524 lec 12. ppt

Unmixing autofluorescence Bottom: Results obtained from phantom sample. (a) Image obtained at the peak of one of the quantum dots (bandpass=570+/– 10 nm). (b) Unmixed image of the 570 nm quantum dot. (c) Unmixed image of the 620 -nm quantum dot. (d) Combined pseudocolor image of (b) (green), (c), and autofluorescence channel (in white, not shown separately). Top left panel: RGB image of the fluorescence emission of the sample. Two species of quantum dots (570 nm, left circle; and 620 nm, right circle) were spotted onto a plastic mouse phantom. Center circle: mixture of both quantum dots. Red and green arrows indicate regions from which sample spectra were obtained. Top right panel: Spectral data. Red and green spectra correspond to values obtained from the indicated regions. The blue spectrum is the calculated spectrum of the pure quantum dot derived from red and green spectral data. From “Autofluorescence removal, multiplexing, and automated analysis methods for in-vivo fluorescence imaging” by James R. Mansfield, Kirk W. Gossage, Clifford C. Hoyt, and Richard M. Levenson, J. Biomed. Opt. 10, 041207 (2005) © 1993 -2007 J. Paul Robinson, Purdue University Cytometry Laboratories Slide 21 of t: /classes/BMS 524/lectures 2000/524 lec 12. ppt

Applications • Cellular Function – Esterase Activity – Oxidation Reactions – Intracellular p. H – Intracellular Calcium – Phagocytosis & Internalization – Apoptosis – Membrane Potential – Cell-cell Communication (Gap Junctions) © 1993 -2007 J. Paul Robinson, Purdue University Cytometry Laboratories Slide 22 of t: /classes/BMS 524/lectures 2000/524 lec 12. ppt

Applications • • • Conjugated Antibodies DNA/RNA Organelle Structure Cytochemical Identification Probe Ratioing © 1993 -2007 J. Paul Robinson, Purdue University Cytometry Laboratories Slide 23 of t: /classes/BMS 524/lectures 2000/524 lec 12. ppt

Software available • SGI – Voxel. View (old and rarely used) • MAC - NIH Image (free) • PC – – – – Optimus (not now available) Microvoxel (not now available) Media Cybernetics software – Image Pro Lasersharp (Biorad) Zeiss (proprietary) Leica (proprietary) Confocal Assistant (free – old but good) © 1993 -2007 J. Paul Robinson, Purdue University Cytometry Laboratories Slide 24 of t: /classes/BMS 524/lectures 2000/524 lec 12. ppt

Methods for visualization • Hidden object removal – Easiest methods is to reconstruct from back to front • Local Projections – – Reference height above threshold Local maximum intensity Height at maximum intensity + Local Kalman Av. Height at first intensity + Offset Local Ht. Intensity • Artificial lighting reflection © 1993 -2007 J. Paul Robinson, Purdue University Cytometry Laboratories Slide 25 of t: /classes/BMS 524/lectures 2000/524 lec 12. ppt

Visualization Issues Volume rendering is a computer graphics technique whereby the object or phenomenon of interest is sampled or subdivided into many cubic building blocks, called voxels (or volume elements. ) A voxel is the 3 -D counterpart of the 2 -D pixel and is a measure of unit volume. Each voxel carries one or more values for some measured or calculated property of the volume (such as intensity values in the case of LSCM data) and is typically represented by a unit cube. The 3 -D voxel sets are assembled from multiple 2 -D images (such as the LSCM image stack), and are displayed by projecting these images into 2 -D pixel space where they are stored in a frame buffer. Volumes rendered in this manner have been likened to a translucent suspension of particles in 3 -D space. In surface rendering, the volumetric data must first be converted into geometric primitives, by a process such as isosurfacing, isocontouring, surface extraction or border following. These primitives (such as polygon meshes or contours) are then rendered for display using conventional geometric rendering techniques. http: //www. cs. ubc. ca/spider/ladic/volviz. html © 1993 -2007 J. Paul Robinson, Purdue University Cytometry Laboratories Slide 26 of t: /classes/BMS 524/lectures 2000/524 lec 12. ppt