Lecture 1 1 Computer Classification Components Trends Objectives

Lecture 1. 1 Computer Classification, Components, & Trends

Objectives n n n Introduce different types of computers Explain 5 constituent components of a typical computer Underline the trends of computers Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 2

Coverage n n Textbook Chapters 1. 1, 1. 4, 1. 7, 1. 8 Online resources Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 3

Contents n n Computer classification Components of a computer Development trends of computers Conclusions Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 4

Contents n n Computer classification Components of a computer Development trends of computers Conclusions Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 5

Computers are pervasive n n n Computers in automobiles Smart phones Internet n n Search Engines Appliances n n n Microwave oven Refrigerator … Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 6

Your car has many computers n 50~100 computers inside each car Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 7

Smart phones are all computers n 2. 71 billion smart phone users in 2019 Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 8

The Post. PC Era Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 9

PC v. s. Smartphone Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 10

Internet is a network of computers n Google’s huge data centers for searching Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 11

#1 supercomputer as of June 2019 n Summit at Oak Ridge National Laboratory n n 2, 414, 592 cores 10. 096 MW 12

Many computers are hidden 13

Classes of Computers n Desktop computers n n Server computers n n n High capacity, performance, reliability Range from small servers to building-sized Embedded computers n n General purpose, variety of software Hidden as components of systems Stringent power/performance/cost constraints Personal Mobile Devices Clusters/warehouse scale computers n Supercomputers Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 14

Contents n n Computer classification Components of a computer Development trends of computers Conclusions Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 15

The BIG Picture n n All computers are to process data Same components for all kinds of computer (e. g. , desktop, server, embedded) n n n § 1. 4 Under the Covers Components of a Computer Input Output Memory Control Datapath Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 16

Anatomy of a Computer Output device Network cable Input device Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 17

Typical Input/Output n User-interface devices n n Storage devices n n Display, keyboard, mouse, touchscreen Hard disk, CD/DVD, flash drive, SSD Network adapters n For communicating with other computers Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 18

Networks n n Communication and resource sharing Local area network (LAN): Ethernet n n n Within a building Wide area network (WAN): the Internet Wireless network: Wi. Fi, Bluetooth Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 19

Opening the Box Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 20

Place for Data n Volatile main memory n n Loses instructions and data when power off Non-volatile secondary memory n n n Magnetic disk (hard disk drive) Solid-state drive (flash memory) Optical disk (CDROM, DVD) Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 21

The Processor Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 22

Inside the Processor (CPU) n Datapath: performs operations on data n n Control: sequences datapath n n A collection of functional units that perform data processing operations Different data items go through different components Cache memory n Small fast SRAM memory for immediate access to data Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 23

Inside the Processor n AMD Barcelona: 4 processing cores Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 24

Datapath: assembly line Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 25

Datapath in processor Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 26

Memory hierarchy n Pyramid Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 27

i. Phone-external n n n Front Back Side Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 28

i. Phone-external n Bottom Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 29

i. Phone-internal n Memory module is under the processor using “package-on-package” Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 30

i. Phone-internal Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 31

Contents n n Computer classification Components of a computer Development trends of computers Conclusions Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 32

n Progress in computer technology n Underpinned by Moore’s Law n § 1. 1 Introduction The Computer Revolution The number of transistors on integrated circuits doubles approximately every two years Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 33

Moore’s Law Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 34

Technology Trends n Electronics technology continues to evolve n n Increased capacity and performance Reduced cost Year Technology 1951 Vacuum tube 1965 Transistor 1975 Integrated circuit (IC) 1995 Very large scale IC (VLSI) 2013 Ultra large scale IC DRAM capacity Relative performance/cost 1 35 900 2, 400, 000 250, 000, 000 Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 35

Power Trends n In CMOS IC technology × 30 5 V → 1 V × 1000 Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 36

Power Wall n n We can’t increase the frequency further due to power wall The Power Wall n We can’t reduce voltage further n n We can’t remove more heat easily n n Transistor becomes too leaky Chips start melting How else can we improve performance? n Find an alternative Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 37

§ 1. 8 The Sea Change: The Switch to Multiprocessors Processor Performance Constrained by power, instruction-level parallelism, memory latency Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 38

Multicore Processors n Multicore microprocessors n n More than one processing core per chip Requires explicitly parallel programming n Compare with instruction level parallelism n n n Hardware executes multiple instructions at once Hidden from the programmer Hard to do n n n Programming for performance Load balancing Optimizing communication and synchronization Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 39

Contents n n Computer classification Components of a computer Development trends of computers Conclusions Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 40

Concluding Remarks n n n Computers are pervasive and can be classified All computers have 5 different components We are witnessing a sea change from uniprocessors to multi/many-core processors Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 41