Lebanese university Faculty of fine arts Architecture Department

Lebanese university Faculty of fine arts Architecture Department Second year-AL 4 Supervised by: Raed Jouni. Atef Mshaimesh. Ἀθῆναι Done by: Ali Bacharouche Sarah Bazzi Sadeq Saad “The heart of democracy”

Table of content: I. Introduction. II. Location. III. Economy: i. Agriculture. ii. Industry. iii. Trading. V. Timeline. VI. Town planning. VII. references

Introduction: • A contest was held among the gods on the Acropolis: 1 -Poseidon struck a rock with his trident and, as water gushed forth, he assured the people that now they would never suffer drought. 2 - Athena was next in line and dropped a seed into the earth which sprouted swiftly as an olive tree. The people thought the olive tree more valuable than the water. • Athens took its name from the goddess Athena, the goddess of wisdom and knowledge. • Athens (Ἀθῆναι) is the capital and largest city of Greece. • It dominates the Attica region and is one of the world's oldest cities. • Foundation: 7000 BCE • Area: 200 hectares. • Population: 40, 000 in classical Greece. • Classical Athens, as a landlocked location, was a powerful city-state(Polis) that emerged in conjunction with the seagoing development of the port of Piraeus. Ἀθῆναι

Location: • Greece is a country southeast Europe. • The city is covered with gorges, caves, springs, torrents and well-marked paths. Mount Parnitha • The tallest peak is hosted by the Mount Parnitha is around 1452 m tall. Saronic Gulf Mount Hymettus

E Agriculture: C O N O M Y • Goods which were traded within Greece between different city-states included, wine, olives, figs, pulses, eels, cheese, honey, meat (especially from sheep and goats), tools (e. g. : knives), perfumes, and fine pottery, especially Attic and Corinthian wares. • Husbandry was badly developed due to a lack of available land since 1/3 of Attica was not proper for agriculture while the other 2/3 were of poor soil affected with the climate. lack of rain and deforestation. • They compensated their loss in grains with the trade of olives and wine. • They turned the hill slope into gradual levels and added water for agriculture. • Farm animals were seldom raised for their meat, with sheep for their wool, goats for their milk, and cows and donkeys for transportation. • Bees were kept to produce honey, the only source of sugar known to the ancient Greeks. • Fish was the meal reachable for all levels of society.

E Agriculture: C O N O M Y • Around 525 -500, even major centers like Athens and Corinth could still feed themselves from their hinterlands in good years • Plutarch (Solon 24) describes an Athenian law was passed in 594 prohibiting all agricultural products except olive oil, which some historians take as evidence of early problems with food supply. However, as Garnsey (1988: 111) notes, this law—assuming it is genuine—makes most sense as protection against exporting grain in agricultural bad years.

E C O N O M Y Industry: • • The Economic life of Athens was self- sufficient. The production of shoes, sculptures, pastry, swords, clothes, etc. ) Athens lacked the production of glass. And In 500 BC they were forced to import wood needed for the construction of houses and ships Pottery in ancient Greece was most often the work of slaves. They most often operated as small workshops, consisting of a master, several paid artisans, and slaves. Those who worked on state projects were paid one drachma per day, no matter what craft they practiced. The workday generally began at sunrise and ended in the afternoon with a non break in the summer. They had a yearly vacation of sixty days.

E C O N O M Y Industry: • • • Crafts were transported through fathers and sons or boys and superiors. Money Currency was used instead of exchanging. Factories were independent (Absence of Industrial organizations) each owned by an individual or two. Deposits of metal ore are common in Greece Attica was rich with marble, iron, silver, lead. These mines contributed to the development of Athens in the 5 th century BC, when the Athenians learned to prospect, treat, and refine the ore. Mine work was done by slaves.

Trading : • Athens was convinced that its strength lied in the sea not the land; and trading not wars. • Athens needed overseas trade to obtain supplies of grain and other raw materials. • The presence, in particular, of pottery and precious goods such as gold, copper, and ivory, found far from their place of production, attests to the exchange network which existed between Egypt, Asia Minor, the Greek mainland, and islands such as Crete, Cyprus, and the Cyclades.

Trading : • International trade grew from 750 BCE, and contacts spread across the Mediterranean driven by social and political factors such as population movements, colonisation interstate alliances, the spread of coinage, the gradual standardisation of measurements, warfare, and safer seas following the determination to eradicate piracy. • From 600 BCE trade was greatly facilitated by the construction of specialised merchant ships • From the 5 th century BCE, Athens’ port of Piraeus became the most important trading centre in the Mediterranean and gained a reputation as the place to find any type of goods on the market.

• Roman Athens (183 BC-BC 31) 31 BCE 500 BCE 1000 BCE 1500 BCE 2000 BCE 2500 BCE 3000 BCE 3500 BCE 4000 BCE 4500 BCE 5000 BCE 5500 BCE 6000 BCE 6500 BCE 7000 BCE TIMELINE T • Neolithic Era – (6000 BC-1600 BC) • The early Bronze Age (3200– 2000 BC) • DARK AGES (1. 150 BC/1. 100 BC – 900 BC) • GEOMETRIC PERIOD (900 BC – 800/750 BC) • ARCHAIC ATHENS (800 BC/750 BC -494 BC) • Classical Athens(494 BC -339 BC) • Hellenistic Athens (339 BC - 168 BC)

Origin: • the first people arrived in during the Neolithic Era, Sometime around the 6, 000 BC. they were the first to choose the area of the rock of the Acropolis for their permanent place of living. • they had dispersed along the southern and northern sides of the rock • They were oriented towards the sea and kept in close contact with the coasts of the Saronic (Σαρωνικός), Aegina (Αίγινα) and Kea (Κέα).

Classical Greece : Cities crossed a second threshold soon after 500 BC, with the rise of imperial administrative centers. The control of empires provided enough wealth for Athens and Syracuse to grow beyond the carrying capacity of their hinterlands.

Golden age: • Solon, though an aristocrat himself, created a series of laws which equalized the political power of the citizenry and, in so doing, laid the groundwork for democracy in Athens in 594 BCE. • Cleisthenes was appointed to reform the government and the laws and, in 507 BCE, he instituted a new form of government which today is recognized as Democracy. Developed Athens both internally and in relation to their neighbors"

Wars of Athens: • Battle of Marathon in 490 BCE. • Salamis in 480 BCE. • Plataea and Mycale in 479 BCE. Athens emerged as the supreme naval power in Greece. The Peloponnesian War (431 -404 BCE) between Athens and Sparta ended in disaster for Athens after her defeat. Under Pericles, Athens entered her golden age and great thinkers, writers, and artists flourished in the city. • Herodotus, the `father of history‘. • Socrates, the `father of philosophy‘. • Hippocrates, `the father of medicine‘. • The sculptor Phidias. • they were defeated in 338 BCE by the Macedonian forces under Philip II at Chaeronea. • Athens was defeated by the Romans in 197 BCE at the Battle of Cynocephalae after which Greece was systematically conquered by the Roman Empire.

V. Town planning: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Housing. The Walls Around Athens. Piraeus (Middle of the 500 BC). Agora (open space). Acropolis (Ακρόπολη). Streets.

Housing: • • Houses were simply built by Stucco and Adobe Mostly having two stores. Each family with a separate house. Gathered about narrow streets • • • Externally: Thick wall with a narrow entrance Internally: Poor: houses were made with adobe floor, Rich: promoted to even stones floors and marble covered walls. Patios for light and ventilation Food cooked on a stove in the open.

V. Town planning: • City rebuilt according to plan devised by Hippodamus who introduced the principle of straight wide streets, and the proper grouping of dwelling-houses • He divided the citizens into three classes (soldiers, artisans and 'husbandmen'), with the land also divided into three (sacred, public and private). • Public and/or sacred represented a tenth of cultivable land. • It has organic plan: the placement of buildings were decided on the morphology of the land • Theaters were generally built around a slope to provide natural seating, and Agora was built over a flat surface. • The houses were generally placed along the southern slope and part of Acropolis facing the sea.

• Athens grew from its focal point, the Acropolis, which became the ceremonial center of the citystate, decked with temples including the Parthenon. • Green areas were scarcely found except in small areas concerning rich houses gardens due to its high cost of maintenance and lack of rain. • 1. 2. 3. They also: built tanks to store water. bridges around watercourses to control its flooding. Dug water channels to transport water to the fields from rivers

Agora (open space). • The Greek Agora is the most ancient referent of the western public space. • It was both a market, the seat of government, a center of worship, a workspace and a venue for entertainment. • It was the birthplace of democracy (free men) and the space where wise intellectuals such as Socrates, Plato, Euripides, Sophocles discussed their ideas. • The Agora of Athens was not a rigid space and changed throughout more than 5000 years of history. • Political events demanded the creation of a public space. • the Agora was a sacred space and therefore perfectly defined by milestones

Acropolis (Ακρόπολη). • • • The Acropolis of Athens is an ancient citadel (fortress) located on a high rocky outcrop above the city of Athens and containing the remains of several ancient buildings. The Acropolis of Athens was planned, and construction begun, under the guidance of the great general and statesman Pericles of Athens. The word acropolis comes from the Greek words ἄκρον (akron, "edge, extremity") and πόλις (polis, "city"). surface area of about 3 hectares. A Cyclopean massive circuit wall was built, 760 meters long, up to 10 meters high, and ranging from 3. 5 to 6 meters thick. This wall would serve as the main defense for the acropolis. Temples : Athena Polias (protector of the city) Hekatompedon (Greek for "hundred–footed") Ur-Parthenon (German for "primitive Parthenon") H–Architecture or Bluebeard temple The Old Temple of Athena ("ancient temple") Erechtheion Parthenon

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Parthenon Old Temple of Athena Erechtheum Statue of Athena Promachos Propylaea Temple of Athena Nike Eleusinion Sanctuary of Artemis Brauronia or Brauroneion 9. Chalkotheke 10. Pandroseion 11. Arrephorion 12. Altar of Athena 13. Sanctuary of Zeus Polieus 14. Sanctuary of Pandion 15. Odeon of Herodes Atticus 16. Stoa of Eumenes 17. Sanctuary of Asclepius or Asclepieion 18. Theatre of Dionysus Eleuthereus 19. Odeon of Pericles 20. Temenos of Dionysus Eleuthereus 21. Aglaureion

The Walls Around Athens: • Peisistratos built the first wall around the city. This wall was almost circular and had eight gates. • No concrete town planning appears to have existed; the streets of the city were in their majority narrow and irregular in shape, while the inhabitants built their houses arbitrarily • It was destroyed by the Persians in the Greco. Persian wars • Themistocles wall was built around the city with enlarged boundaries. The Classical Period begun. • A new gate was added, and a new north LONG WALL constructed that linked Athens to a new port in Piraeus.

1. Piraeus (Middle of the 500 BC): Classical Athens(494 BC -478 BC) The Long Walls Sea Phalerum Port Piraeus port

Streets: Streets running parallel or at right angles to one another and rectangular blocks of houses rectangular scheme of streets, though the outline of the whole town is necessarily not rectangular the art of town-planning in Greece probably began in Athens. He designed Piraeus, the port of Athens, with broad straight streets. shorter streets ran at right angles to them the longer and presumably the more important streets ran parallel to the shore

References: Books: ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﻏﺮﻳﻘﻴﺔ –ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺀ . ( ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ)ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﺒﻲ Internet: http: //www. ancient. eu. com/article/115/ http: //www. ancient. eu. com/article/140/ http: //www. ancient. eu. com/search/? q=athens+golden+age&sa=Search http: //www. ancient. eu. com/crafts/ http: //www. ancient. eu. com/image/829/ http: //www. ancient. eu. com/Orpheus/ http: //www. ancient. eu. com/greece/ http: //www. ancient. eu. com/image/329/ http: //www. ancient. eu. com/image/68/

Thank you for listening