Leaving Certificate History The Treaty negotiations OctoberDecember 1921
Leaving Certificate History The Treaty negotiations, October-December 1921: helping students to think critically http: //pdst. ie/postprimary
Helping students to think critically • Increasing focus on students’ ability to think critically • The enquiry-focused approach: rationale • Card-sorting and critical skills (Booklet, pages 43 -48)
The enquiry-focused approach Aims • To give a clear focus to a series of lessons • To clarify for all concerned what the learning purposes are • To ensure that the sequence of lessons is leading to improved understanding on the part of the students
Case study: contextual overview • ‘War of independence’: different designations, perceptions of IRA • June 1921: both sides’ interest in peace moves • July-September: London talks → exchange of letters → proposals for London conference, formula agreed? • Irish delegation: members, de Valera’s absence, delegates’ status, case to be argued • British delegation, venue, duration of conference • Boundary commission proposals, signing of Articles of Agreement, resulting divisions
A glossary of terms • Developing students’ historical literacy • Key terms: Articles of Agreement, boundary commission, British Commonwealth, dominion status, envoys plenipotentiary, external association, fiscal autonomy, Government of Ireland Act 1920, oath of allegiance, reprisals
Timeline Government of Ireland, 1920 1921, May/June: background to truce July: truce, de Valera in London August-September: Lloyd George-de Valera correspondence • October-December: developments in talks • 6 th December and following: signing of Articles of Agreement and subsequent divisions • •
Biographical notes • Irish delegates (leaders? ) • Irish secretaries (Childers, Chartres) • British delegates (leaders? ) • British secretaries (Jones, Curtis) • Other key figures
Useful websites • http: //treaty. nationalarchives. ie/ • http: //multitext. ucc. ie/d/The_Treaty_Negotia tions_October-December_1921/ • http: //www. askaboutireland. ie/readingroom/digital-book-collection/digital-books-bysubject/history-of-ireland/pakenham-peaceby-ordeal/ • www. hist. ie
The Treaty negotiations, October. December, 1921 • An enquiry: What happened between July and December 1921 that led to major political division in Ireland? • Rationale for this? • Steps into which the enquiry can be broken
The Treaty negotiations, October. December, 1921 Introduction to the enquiry • King’s speech • Significance of Northern settlement? • Possible hook: http: //treaty. nationalarchives. ie/documentgallery/treaty-newsreel/
Enquiry, Step 1 • What happened between July and October, 1921, that led to the Treaty negotiations which took place between October and December? • Potential benefits of using this question to focus on the subject matter of the case study?
What happened between July and Oct. 1921. . . ? • Lloyd George’s invitation to de Valera to attend a conference (Source 1 A) • De Valera’s responses • Truce • De Valera’s acceptance of invitation (Source 1 B)
What happened between July and Oct. 1921. . . ? David Low, The Star, 12 th July 1921 © Express Syndication
What happened between July and Oct. 1921. . . ? • De Valera, Lloyd George meet in London: what Lloyd George offered • De Valera’s responses (Sources 1 D, 1 E) • Lloyd George’s ‘fresh’ invitation of 29 th September (Source 1 G) • De Valera’s acceptance (Source 1 H)
What happened between July and Oct. 1921. . . ? • Delegated appointed • Plenipotentiary status • Instructions given (Source 1 I) • Envisaged elements of settlement
The delegates in London http: //multitext. ucc. ie/viewgallery/1205? slideshow=18
Enquiry, Step 2 • What are the main issues that arose in and around the Treaty negotiations? • Potential benefits of using this question to focus on the subject matter of the case study?
What are the main issues that arose. . . between October and December? • Significant developments • Commentary • Associated sources
What are the main issues that arose. . . between October and December? • Griffith’s initial impressions (Source 2 A) • Childers to de Valera, 21 st October, re. strategy on issue of Crown (Source 2 B) • Griffith and Collins discussions with Lloyd George and Chamberlain on issues of Crown and essential unity (Source 2 C)
What are the main issues that arose. . . between October and December? • Griffith discussion with Lloyd George, 2 nd November (Source 2 D) • Griffith letter to de Valera re. boundary commission proposal, 12 th November (Source 2 E); nature of undertaking given to Lloyd George?
What are the main issues that arose. . . between October and December? • Irish memorandum of 22 nd November and British response to it (Source 2 F) • Griffith letter to de Valera re. Chequers meeting with Lloyd George, 28 th November (Source 2 G); exchange on issue of Crown
Enquiry, Step 3 • What were the circumstances in which the Articles of Agreement for a Treaty were signed in the early hours of 6 th December? • Potential benefits of using this question to focus on the subject matter of the case study?
What were the circumstances in which the Articles of Agreement were signed. . . ? • Significant developments • Related sources
What were the circumstances in which the Articles of Agreement were signed. . . ? • Interview between Collins and Lloyd George (Source 3 A): Collins’ thoughts on boundary commission • Final sub-conferences (Source 3 B): Lloyd George’s use of Griffith ‘letter’; concession on trade? ; threat of war?
Source 3 C David Low, The Star , 7 th December 1921 © Express Syndication
Source 3 D David Low, The Star , 9 th December 1921 © Express Syndication
Enquiry, Step 4 • What divisions emerged in Ireland in December, 1921, following the signing of the Treaty? • Potential benefits of using this question to focus on the subject matter of the case study?
What divisions emerged. . . following the signing of the Treaty? • Significant developments • Related sources
What divisions emerged. . . following the signing of the Treaty? • Delegates summoned to cabinet meeting on 8 th December (Source 4 A): Desmond Fitzgerald’s surprise at de Valera’s response • Austin Stack’s recollection of cabinet meeting (Source 4 B) • C. S. Andrews’ recollection of IRA response (Source 4 C) • De Valera’s letter to the press (Source 4 D)
What divisions emerged. . . following the signing of the Treaty? • Extracts from Dáil debates on Treaty (Sources 4 E, 4 F, 4 G, 4 H, 4 I, 4 J, 4 K, 4 L) • Questions to help students interrogate the sources (Booklet, p. 49)
The Treaty negotiations: Aftermath Attributed to Constance de Markiewicz Courtesy of The National Library of Ireland
Courtesy of The National Library of Ireland
The Treaty negotiations, October. December, 1921 • Card sorting and critical skills • Supplementary cards • Use of cards to facilitate categorisation of arguments for and against Treaty
Group activity Critical skills exercise
The Treaty negotiations, October. December, 1921 • Historians’ views (Secondary sources A-E) • Interrogating the historians
What happened between July and December 1921 that led to major political division in Ireland? Your conclusions on the enquiry Booklet p. 50
http: //pdst. ie/postprimary
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