Leaving Certificate Agricultural Science Plant Science Learning Outcomes
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Leaving Certificate Agricultural Science Plant Science
Learning Outcomes. . In this unit you will learn about: • Plant and animal cells • Structure of a plant (leaf, stem , root, etc) • Photosynthesis, Respiration, Osmosis, Translocation, Active Transport, etc. • Sexual Reproduction in a flowering plant. • Plant hormones • Food Biomolecules and their tests.
Cell Types Plant Cells Has a cell Wall Has a large Vacuole Has Chloroplasts Animal Cells Has no cell wall Has small vacuoles Has no Chloroplast
Leaf Functions Photosynthesis Transpiration Gaseous Exchange Food Storage
Stomata- Gaseous Exchange
Gaseous Exchange in Stems Lenticels-Gaseous Exchange in Stems
Learning Check. . . State 3 differences between plant and animal cells. Give 4 functions of a leaf. Where does gaseous exchange take place in the leaf? . Where does gaseous exchange take place in the stem? .
Photosynthesis
Outline of Photosynthesis
Experiment
Transpiration Is the loss of water vapour from the surface of the leaf of the plant
Transpiration (Video)
Investigating Transpiration
Transpiration Experiment
Translocation The movement of food around the plant. Phloem tissue In both directions Sugar is transported from the leaf to the root. Beet root. Vascular Tissue Xylem- transports water and minerals. Phloem- transports food.
Cells and Tissues Parenchyma Cells-Photosynthetic Cells Schlerenchyma Cells- Strengthening Cells Collenchyma Cells- Strengthening Cells Meristematic Tissue- cell Division Ground Tissue- bulk of cell. Photosynthesis takes place here. Vascular Tissue- Transport tissue Xylem- Transports Water and Minerals Phloem- transports food
Learning Check. . State the balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis. Define the term Transpiration. Define the term Translocation. Name 2 types of vascular tissue and give their functions. Name the cells responsible for strengthening? Name the cells where photosynthesis takes place? Name the cells responsible for cell division
Functions of the stem 1. Transports water, minerals from the roots. 2. Transports food from the leaf 3. Supports the aerial part of the plant 4. Stores food e. g. potatoes
Stems T. S. Monocot T. S. Dicot
T. S Root Functions Food Store Anchorage
Osmosis Is the movement of water from an area of high concentration of water to an area of low concentration of water across a semi permeable barrier
Osmosis (Animation)
Diffusion Is the movement of gases from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
Active Transport Is the movement of substances from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration. It requires energy.
Active Transport (Animation)
Learning Check. . . Give functions of the root Give functions of the stem Define osmosis, active transport and diffusion. Compare Monocots to Dicots.
Pollination Is the transfer of pollen from the anther of one plant to the stigma of another plant Self Pollination – when pollination occurs between flowers on the same plant. Cross Pollination- when pollination occurs between flowers of the same species but on different plant.
Pollination Types Insect Pollinated Lily Large Flowers Scented Brightly coloured Male and female parts inside flower Sticky pollen grains Small pollen grains Wind pollinated Grass Smaller flowers Not scented Not brightly coloured Male and female parts outside the petals Smooth Pollen grains Large amount of pollen
Fertilisation Is the fusion of the male gamete with the female gamete. It forms a Zygote
Development of the embryo, seed and fruit The zygote divides repeatedly until it forms the embryo that will contain: 1 or 2 cotyledons with a food store Plumule Radicle The ovary becomes the fruit
Dispersal Is the transfer of the seeds/fruit away from the parent plant Wind Water Animal Self
Dormancy Where a plant suspends all growth and metabolism Shortage of hormones Low temperature Growth inhibitors Maximises growth of the plant. Allows for seed dispersal Ensures survival
Germination Is the regrowth of a plant after a period of dormancy Conditions necessary Water Oxygen Warmth
Germination (Video)
Learning Check. . . Name the male and female parts of the flower. What is a calyx and a corolla. Define pollination, fertilisation, dormancy and germination. Differentiate between self and cross pollination. Compare wind pollinated flowers to insect pollinated flowers. What does a plumule and a radicle develop into? Define Dormancy List the conditions necessary for germination. Describe Epigeal and Hypogeal germination using examples.
Seed Structure
If the cotyledons absorb the endosperm the seed is NON-ENDOSPERMIC= Broad Bean If the cotyledons absorb only some of the endosperm the seed is ENDOSPERMIC = Maize.
Lifecycles Annuals/perennial- Complete their lifecycle in one year Biennials- it takes 2 years to complete their lifecycle. In the first year the plant grows leaves, stems, and roots (vegetative structures), then it enters a period of dormancy over the colder months. During the next spring or summer, the stem of the biennial plant elongates greatly, The plant then flowers, producing fruits and seeds before it finally dies.
Plant hormone: AUXIN Naturally produced in the root and shoot tip. It promotes cell elongation Stimulates fruit development. Promotes root development. (rooting agent) Control apical dominance Its used in seedless fruits: Parthenocarpic fruit IAA
Giberellin & Cytokinin Encourages cell elongation Promotes seed germination Cytokinin. Used as a herbicide by massively increasing rate of growth and the plant cannot produce enough food and it dies!
Tropism A growth response to a stimulus. Phototropism- A growth response to light Geotropism- a growth response to gravity Thigmotropism- a growth response to touch Chemotropism- A growth response to chemicals Hydrotropism- A growth response to water Thermotropism- A growth response to temperature.
Clinostat.
Respiration- Aerobic/Anaerobic
To Show Respiring Seeds produce energy.
Learning Check. . . What is a tropism. What is phototropism and geotropism? What piece of apparatus is used to show geotropism? Define Aerobic respiration Give a balanced chemical equation for aerobic respiration.
Indicator Species An indicator species is a species that shows the conditions in habitat. Examples • • Wet: rushes, moss, buttercup. Dry/Sandy: Thistle. Low in lime (acidic): Plaintain/rhododendron Rich in Lime (alkaline) : Clovers, Chickweed.
Food Tests Starch Protein Reducing Sugar Vitamin C % Sugar Reagent Iodine Biurets Benedicts Reagent DCPIP Refractometer Source Potato, Starch solution Peas, Milk Glucose Solution Orange Grass, beet, etc. Initial Colour Golden Brown Blue Positive Colour Blue Black Purple Brick Red Yellow
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