Leave no one behind Human rights indicators inclusive

Leave no one behind Human rights indicators, inclusive development and data

SDGs and data disaggregation • Quality, accessible, timely and reliable disaggregated data will be needed to help with the measurement of progress and to ensure that no one is left behind. Such data is key to decision -making.

SDGs and data disaggregation • SDGs Follow up and review processes (…) • will be rigorous and based on evidence, informed by country-led evaluations and data which is high-quality, accessible, timely, reliable and disaggregated by income, sex, age, race, ethnicity, migration status, disability and geographic location and other characteristics relevant in national contexts

• 17. 18 By 2020, enhance capacity-building support to developing countries, including for least developed countries and small island developing States, to increase significantly the availability of high-quality, timely and reliable data disaggregated by income, gender, age, race, ethnicity, migratory status, disability, geographic location and other characteristics relevant in national contexts

Focus on persons with disability • Invisibility of persons with disabilities in development programs and policies is a lot related to statistical issues. • Countries faced challenges to identify people with disabilities. • The UN created the Washington city group to tackle that.

Some problematic questions: • Do you have a disability? • Do you have one of the following conditions: Diabetes, Hypertension, Paralysis, etc. • This leads to 2% of prevalence

“Do you have a disability? ” • People will interpret as something severe, so mild and moderate disabilities are typically missed • Older people will not think of themselves as “disabled” but simply “old” • The word “disability” can be associated with stigma and shame

“Do you have (diagnosis)? ” • Can’t have a complete list of diagnoses • Not every knows their diagnosis • Biased by income and education • Tells you little about person’s abilities

Washington Group Questions • Introductory phrase: The next questions ask about difficulties you may have doing certain activities because of a HEALTH PROBLEM. • • • Do you have difficulty seeing, even if wearing glasses? Do you have difficulty hearing, even if using a hearing aid? Do you have difficulty walking or climbing steps? Do you have difficulty remembering or concentrating Do you have difficulty (with self-care such as) washing all over or dressing? • Using your usual (customary) language, do you have difficulty communicating, for example understanding or being understood? Response categories: No – no difficulty, Yes – some difficulty, Yes – a lot of difficulty, Cannot do at all

WHAT ARE WE LOOKING AT?

OHCHR Human rights indicators • “Structural indicators capture the acceptance, intent and commitment of the State to respect its human rights obligations, e. g. International human rights treaties, relevant to the right to adequate housing, ratified by the State. • Process indicators help in assessing a State’s efforts, through its implementation of policy measures and programmes of action, to transform its human rights commitments into the desired results, e. g. Indicators based on budget allocations and Coverage of targeted population groups under public programmes. • Outcome indicators help in assessing the results of State efforts in furthering the enjoyment of human rights, e. g. Educational attainments by targeted population group. ” The Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR): Human Rights Indicators: A Guide to Measurement and Implementation. Geneva 2012

Opera framework • Developed by the CESR (center for economic and social rights) • Focus on economic and social rights monitoring • Approach adapted and used by IDA in supporting India and Philippines coalition CRPD monitoring Center for Economic and Social Rights The OPERA Framework: Assessing compliance with the obligation to fulfill economic, social and cultural rights

OUTCOMES REALITY OF PEOPLE’S LIVES POLICY EFFORTS RULES AND SYSTEM IN PLACE TO DELIVER RESOURCES ALLOCATED ASSESMENT STAKEHOLDERS WILLINGNESS AND CAPACITIES

OUTCOMES POLICY EFFORTS RESOURCES ASSESMENT OVERALL COMPLIANCE OF LEGAL FRAMEWORK WITH HR WHICH and HOW RESOURCES ARE ALLOCATED? AND FOR MARGINALISED GROUPS ? POLICY DESIGN AND MECHANISMS HOW RESOURCES ARE MOBILISED? ARE THERE SOME ELEMENTS THAT LIMIT PERFORMANCE? WHICH ARE THE CONSTRAINTS OF STATES? EVOLUTION OVER TIME PARTICIPATION TRANSPARENCY ACCOUNTABILITY PARTICIPAT ION TRANSPARE NCY ACCOUNTAB ILITY DOES THE GOVERNMENT DO ALL WHAT IT CAN?

Outcomes (and access) • - What is the situation for the general population? • - How women, children, indigenous people, people with disabilities are enjoying and exercising their rights? • - Extend of discrimination? • - What kind of services do they access/use? For general population and for their specific needs? • - Are all people with disabilities at the same level? Not only by disability constituency group but by gender, urban/rural, middle class/poor • - Are there other groups facing issues? • - How does it evolved over time?

How do we get data to know outcomes for people? • - Census • - Surveys • • • Household income and expenditures survey Labor force survey Demographic and health survey Unicef MICS Thematic survey

Data sources • Censuses • Surveys (and survey modules) • Administrative Data

Advantages of a Census • Sharper estimates • Allows for small area indicators • Allows for detailed breakdowns (e. g. , working age women with physical disabilities in rural areas) • Sustainable funding • Infrastructure and methodology for data collection exists

Disadvantages of Census • Infrequent – every 10 years • Limited number of questions

Main Surveys Used • Household Expenditure Survey (Living Standard Measurement Survey) • Labor Force Survey • Government Expenditure Survey • Health Surveys • Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey • Many others – business surveys, industrial sector surveys, construction, transportation, violence, special surveys on particular issues, national disability survey etc.

Advantages of Survey • • • - Not bound by census timetable - Can be fielded more frequently - Contains many more questions - Possible to have better trained interviewers - Allow gender and age disaggregation In some countries by disability but not yet the norm

Disadvantages of Surveys • Smaller samples • Harder to have regional estimates • Can limit use of detailed sub-populations Sometimes sample design can address this

Household income and Expenditure Surveys • - Basic demographic data – age, gender, education, relationship to household head, etc. • - Detailed data on expenditures – used to generate poverty estimates • - Work behaviour • - Public program participation • - Every 2 to 5 years • - Often has survey modules – one-offs and also regular ones • - Sample size – often about 5000 households • - Nationally representative – sometimes regionally representative, often not representative by province/state

Labor Force Survey • Basic demographic data – age, gender, education, marital status • Detailed information on work behaviour • Type of employment – formal, informal, wage, selfemployed, etc. • Occupation and industry • • • Generates unemployment figures Indicator for economic growth Often done annually, sometimes on a continuous basis Often large enough for sub-regional estimates Taken very seriously by policy makers

Recommendations for HIES and LFS • Core set of questions –Washington Group questions – should be included in basic demographic section of survey • Program participation questions checked to make sure disability, children/social programs included • Specific thematic module on disability or others groups every second or third round.

Health Surveys • Demographic Health Survey (supported by USAID) • Conducted in many countries (90 to date) • Designed to be internationally comparable • Limited data on disability – medical focus • Specific surveys on diseases – malaria, TB, etc • - Will include the washington group questions

Thematic surveys • Countries run large national thematic surveys such as Disability survey

Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey • UNICEF developed tool for monitoring well-being of children • Not done regularly by many countries • Current methodology on identifying disabled children is updated Recommendations: • Should be done regularly • Should always include disability module

Advantages of Administrative Data • Most programs have some data system to build on • Can be built into budget in a sustainable fashion • Can target and get complete information on program participants • Can get very detailed information, and often follow people over an extended period of time • Results “owned” by agency so can be easier to hold them accountable

Disadvantages of Administrative Data • - No data on non-participants (e. g. , out of school children) • - Often not designed for research purposes • - Bigger concerns with confidentiality for person level data for research purposes • - Access to data can be very difficult • - Should include questions on disability that can be directly linked to questions used on censuses and government surveys • UNICEF is developing a disability module for Education Management Information System

Other sources • • - UN agencies. WB - Court cases - NGOs surveys - Project and programs data • State and Shadow report to treaty bodies • http: //www. ohchr. org/EN/HRBodies/Pages/Treaty Bodies. aspx • UPR reports

Poor data on outcome: look at input and system NO INPUT NO OUTPUT BOTTELNECK IN SYSTEM NO OUTPUT

Policy efforts • In order to ensure that no one is left behind systemic change and policy reform and development needs to take place • The time of public policy and programmes is not the time of project, their effect will be felt in 5 -10 years. • We need indicators and data on outcomes today but also policy effort and investment done so far to anticipate and influence tomorrow

What is done to ensure access? • Availability (existence, geographic distribution, sustainability) • Affordability (sliding scales, means tested, free…) • Accessibility (transport, infrastructure, use) • Acceptability (culturally sensitive, free and inform consent…) • Quality (responsive to users needs and desired outcomes…)

Data sources • Laws and regulations • Donors program reports • Studies • State and Shadow report to treaty bodies • http: //www. ohchr. org/EN/HRBodies/Pages/Treaty Bodies. aspx • UPR reports •

Example • - Are the laws in compliance with international human rights convention and their jurisprudence : CEDAW, CRC, CRPD…. • - Between 10 to 25% of GDP is spent via public procurement: if no accessibility requirement in procurement process for goods, services, infrastructure and transport … accessibility is very unlikely to happen • - Is there a real zero rejection policy in education? Is there reform of curriculum in training of teachers? • - Discriminatory Conditions to access cash transfer • - Is there mechanisms (standards, accreditation, financing …) to support CSOs to ensure universal access to basic services in remote areas or for specific groups or to scale up successful local practices? • - Is there a program to train and hire sign language interpreters in public services at local level (education, justice, health)?

RESOURCES • How much resources are allocated and utilized? • What is the ratio of resources dedicated to empowerment and inclusion of marginalised groups compare to overall budget? • How relevant and significant are resources allocated compare to needs? • Efficiency of spending – Are most public funds spent in an inclusive way? – Non-utilization of allocated funding? – Best quality goods and services for lowest possible price? • Equity in funding – adequate prioritization between issues and groups • What about extra budgetary resources linked to international cooperation? • How much women, children. . and marginalized groups are involved in decision over resources management?

Source of data • Budget document, Commission of audit, Administration • Expenditure survey such as Public Expenditure Tracking Survey (PETS) • UN agencies WB/ADB. . • NGOs monitoring reports. . • State and Shadow report to treaty bodies • - more and more pressure for open budget globally but still long way to go • - Require more disaggregation with tracker in accounting. More in initiative on its way